Jaguarundi

Jaguarundi
In the Pont-Scorff zoo
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Herpailurus
Severtzov, 1858
Species:
H. yagouaroundi
Binomial name
Herpailurus yagouaroundi
Distribution of the jaguarundi (2015)[1]
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Felis yagouaroundi Geoffroy, 1803
  • Puma yaguaroundi Lacépède, 1809
  • F. eyra Fischer, 1814
  • F. unicolor Thraill, 1819
  • F. cacomitli Berlandier, 1859
  • F. apache Mearns, 1901
  • F. fossata Mearns, 1901
  • F. panamensis Allen, 1904

The jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi; /ˌæɡwəˈrʌndi/ or /ˌʒæɡwəˈrʌndi/) is a wild cat native to the Americas. Its range extends from central Argentina in the south to northern Mexico, through Central and South America east of the Andes. The jaguarundi is a medium-sized cat of slender build. Its coloration is uniform with two color morphs, gray and red. It has an elongated body, with relatively short legs, a small, narrow head, small, round ears, a short snout, and a long tail, resembling mustelids in these respects. It is about twice as large as a domestic cat (Felis catus), reaching nearly 360 mm (14 in) at the shoulder, and weighs 3.5–7 kg (7.7–15.4 lb).

Secretive and alert, the jaguarundi is typically solitary or forms pairs in the wild, though captive individuals are more gregarious. Unlike other sympatric cats such as the ocelot, the jaguarundi is more active during the day and hunts mainly during daytime and evening hours. Individuals live in large home ranges, and are sparsely distributed within a region. The jaguarundi is an efficient climber, but typically prefers hunting on ground. It feeds on various kinds of prey, especially ground-feeding birds, reptiles, rodents and small mammals. Mating occurs throughout the year, with peaks at different times of the year across the range. After a gestation period of 70 to 75 days, a litter of one to four kittens is born. Lifespans of up to 15 years have been recorded in captivity.

The jaguarundi inhabits a broad array of both closed and open habitats ranging from tropical rainforests and deciduous forests to deserts and thorn scrubs. It is fairly common in Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela, but may be extirpated from the United States. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, but populations are in decline in many parts of its range due to loss and fragmentation of habitat, as well as persecution for killing poultry.

Etymology[edit]

The common name "jaguarundi" comes from the Old Guarani word yaguarundi, similar to the Old Tupi word yawaum'di, meaning "dark jaguar".[3] The name is pronounced /ˌʒæɡwəˈrʌndi/[4][5] or /ˌæɡwəˈrʌndi/.[6] In some Spanish-speaking countries, the jaguarundi is also called gato colorado, gato moro, león breñero, leoncillo and tigrillo.[1] It is also called eyra, gato-mourisco, gato-preto, gato-vermelho and maracajá-preto in Brazilian Portuguese.[7][8]

Taxonomy[edit]

In 1803 Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire described two jaguarundi skins and skulls from unknown locations in Central America and proposed the scientific name Felis yagouarundi.[9] In the 19th and 20th centuries, several more zoological specimens were described:[10]

The generic name Herpailurus was proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1858 for the jaguarundi.[18] Later authors classified the jaguarundi in the genus Puma along with the cougar (P. concolor).[2] Phylogeographical analysis of jaguarundi samples from across its range found no genetic evidence for subspecies.[19] In 2017, the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognises the jaguarundi as a monotypic taxon of the genus Herpailurus.[20]

Phylogeny and evolution[edit]

Lynx lineage

Lynx

Puma lineage
Acinonyx

Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
(Cheetah)

Puma

Puma concolor Cougar (Puma concolor)
(Cougar)

Herpailurus 

Herpailurus yagouaroundi Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)
(Jaguarundi)

Domestic cat lineage

Felis

Leopard cat lineage

Otocolobus

Prionailurus

The Puma lineage of the family Felidae, depicted along with closely related genera[21]

The jaguarundi is most closely related to the cougar; the jaguarundi-cougar clade is sister to the cheetah.[22] These three species comprise the Puma lineage, one of the eight lineages of Felidae; the Puma lineage diverged from the rest 6.7 million years ago. The sister group of the Puma lineage is a clade of smaller Old World cats that includes the genera Felis, Otocolobus and Prionailurus.[21]

The three species of the Puma lineage may have had a common ancestor during the Miocene, about 8.25 million years ago.[23][24] Acinonyx possibly diverged from the lineage in the Americas;[25][26][27] some authors alternatively suggest that the cheetah diverged in the Old World.[28][29]

The Puma lineage appears to have migrated from Asia to North America after crossing the Bering Strait, arriving in South America via the Isthmus of Panama by the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. This was possibly followed by the bifurcation of the lineage into the cougar and Herpailurus (represented by H. pumoides) in South America around 4 to 3 million years ago between the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. H. pumoides went extinct around Middle Pleistocene, around the time the modern jaguarundi came into existence; the oldest fossils of the modern jaguarundi date back to the Late Pleistocene in Brazil around 0.5 million years ago. The original North American cougars were extirpated during the Pleistocene extinctions around 10,000 years ago; North America was then recolonized by South American cougars and jaguarundis 10,000–8,000 years ago.[30][31][32] The extinct North American genus Miracinonyx is another member of this clade.[33]

Characteristics[edit]

Red morph
Gray morph

The jaguarundi is a medium-sized cat of slender build and uniform coloration that differs significantly from other neotropical cats — such as the small, spotted cats in the genus Leopardus — in its external appearance. This has been attributed to variations in its karyotype — the jaguarundi has 38 chromosomes, unlike the 36 in other small South American cats, and the chromosomal features resemble those of Old World cats such as the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis).[34] In fact, the jaguarundi shows several features seen in mustelids such as otters and weasels — it has an elongated body with relatively short legs, a small, narrow head, small, round ears, a short snout and a long tail.[34][35][30][36] The head-and-body length is between 53 and 77 cm (21 and 30 in); the strong, muscular tail is 31–52 cm (12–20 in) long. Around twice as large as the domestic cat, the jaguarundi reaches nearly 36 cm (14 in) at the shoulder and weighs 3.5–7 kg (7.7–15.4 lb), though larger individuals weighing around 9 kg (19.8 lb) have been reported.[34][37] Males are slightly larger than females.[30]

The coat is uniformly colored with at most a few faint markings on the face and the belly, though kittens are spotted for a short duration. Black and white marks on the lips and the snout, similar to those of the cougar, can be clearly seen in juveniles and some adults. Two color morphs are known (though intermediate shades are also seen) — gray (blackish to brownish-gray fur with a grizzled look due to bright and dark rings on individual hairs) and red (foxy red to chestnut); earlier these morphs were considered two different species. Individuals of both colors can be born in the same litter.[34][38] Blackish brown individuals superficially resemble the tayra (Eira barbara), but the latter can be told apart by the clear, yellowish patch on the throat.[10] The red morph is seen more often in dry, open areas. Melanistic individuals have been reported, but the coat is not completely black; the head and the throat are clearly paler than the rest of the body.[35] The widely spaced ears are 2.5–4 cm (0.98–1.57 in) long without any spots on the back.[34][39] The jaguarundi has a total of 30 teeth; the dental formula is 3.1.3.13.1.2.1.[30]

Among felids, the jaguarundi is closely similar to the flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps), but has a longer body and proportionately longer legs, is heavier and lacks the dark markings on the cheeks of the flat-headed cat.[10] Tawny jaguarundis bear a similar coloration to the larger cougar.[35]

The diploid number of chromosomes in jaguarundi is 2n=38.[40]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The jaguarundi inhabits a wide variety of habitats, from tropical rainforests and deciduous forests to deserts and thorn scrubs. It can also be found in cloud forests, mangroves and savannas.[1][39] Unlike the sympatric margay, ocelot and oncilla, the jaguarundi can live in open areas as well. In open habitats the jaguarundi prefers areas with vegetative cover such as cacti, which would generally be difficult for potential predators to penetrate; there may be a few clearings at the periphery of such areas. Jaguarundis tend to stay close to a source of running water.[34][37][41] The jaguarundi is noted for its resistance to environmental disturbances in its habitat; it can thrive in reforested areas.[39] While commonly inhabiting elevations from lowlands up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level, this cat has been reported at altitudes as high as 3,200 m (10,500 ft) in Colombia.[1]

The range extends from central Argentina in the south to northern Mexico, through Central and South America east of the Andes — second only to the cougar in the latitudinal extent of its distribution. However, not all parts of its range have been studied well. The jaguarundi is fairly common in Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela.[42] It is possibly extirpated in the United States;[1] a 1999 study refuted claims of sightings in Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains in Santa Cruz County.[43][44] The last confirmed sighting in the U.S. was of a roadkilled individual near Brownsville, Texas in 1986.[42]

The occurrence of the jaguarundi in Florida has remained in doubt for decades, where they have been reported since 1907. They were allegedly introduced in the region by a writer from Chiefland who at some point imported the animals from their native habitat and released them near his hometown and in other locations across the state. W. T. Neill noted that jaguarundis occurred throughout peninsular Florida in the 1950s, but the numbers had plummeted by the late 1970s. Jaguarundis were also reported in the coastal area of Alabama in the 1980s, which may be evidence of the Florida population migrating northward.[45] The jaguarundi has also been recorded from Cerro Largo in Uruguay, where its presence was uncertain.[46]

Behavior and ecology[edit]

Jaguarundis are good climbers and can easily walk on branches

The jaguarundi is shy and reclusive, and apparently very cautious of traps.[45] There have been only a few radio telemetry studies of jaguarundis in Belize, Brazil and Mexico.[35] Though activity has been observed throughout the day and at night, jaguarundis seem to prefer hunting during daytime and evening hours; for instance, a study in Belize reported that jaguarundis started moving before dawn and remained active through most of the day till sunset with a peak in hunting from late morning to noon.[10][47] The cat appears to be more diurnal than most other cats, especially spotted cats that tend to be more active at night.[36][34] The jaguarundi can swim across medium-sized rivers; one in Bolivia was recorded swimming across the Tuichi River.[35] Jaguarundis are efficient climbers as well, but hunt mainly on ground; the coat color works as a good camouflage for terrestrial activity.[36] They can leap up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) into the air to catch birds.[34] Predators recorded for jaguarundis include boa constrictors, cougars and domestic dogs.[35] Parasites such as hookworms (Ancylostoma species), tapeworms (such as Spirometra and Toxocara species) and the lung fluke have been found in jaguarundis.[10]

Studies have mostly observed jaguarundis alone or in pairs; pairs could probably be formed between mothers and older kittens or between individuals of opposite sexes during the mating season. Individuals in captivity have been found to be more gregarious.[34] Home ranges tend to be large; a study in Brazil recorded home ranges 1.4–18 km2 (0.54–6.95 sq mi) in size for females, while those of males measured 8.5–25.3 km2 (3.3–9.8 sq mi) in area.[35] Two males in Belize were recorded to have exceptionally large home ranges spanning an area of 88 km2 (34 sq mi) and 100 km2 (39 sq mi), while the home range of a female in the same region measured 13–20 km2 (5.0–7.7 sq mi) in size.[36] Population densities are typically low, around 0.01 to 0.05/km2 (0.026 to 0.129/sq mi) in Brazil, though Tamaulipas (Mexico) and the Llanos in Costa Rica and Venezuela have recorded figures as high as 0.2/km2 (0.52/sq mi).[30][48]

Marking behavior could serve as a means of olfactory or visual communication among jaguarundis; individuals in captivity have been observed scraping areas with their hind feet (sometimes with urination), clawing on logs, rubbing objects with their heads and leaving feces uncovered. Social behavior such as grooming, growling and sniffing has been recorded. The jaguarundi has a broad vocal repertoire; 13 different calls have been recorded including chattering, purring, screaming, a 'wah-wah' call, whistling, yapping and a peculiar bird-like chirp. In captivity, females in estrus have been observed making faint sounds as they scent mark the area around their enclosures.[34][10]

Diet[edit]

Jaguarundis are generalist carnivores

The jaguarundi typically feed on small-sized prey weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 lb), including ground-feeding birds, reptiles, frogs, arthropods,[49] rodents and small mammals. Jaguarundis will also take larger prey such as domestic poultry, fish, marmosets, rabbits and opossums; a study recorded small deer (possibly carrion) in the diet. Vegetation such as grasses have also been recorded in their diet.[34][10][35][39] A study showed jaguarundis take 400 g (14 oz) vertebrate prey on an average every day.[10] The broad array of prey recorded for the jaguarundi across its range and varying proportions of different prey in its diet could indicate that the cat tends to feed on the most abundant and easily catchable prey in the area.[34]

Reproduction[edit]

Jaguarundis have been observed mating all year round, with peaks at different times of the year across the range; for instance, in Mexico breeding peaks in January and March. Estrus lasts three to five days, marked by the female regularly rolling onto her back and spraying urine. Sexually mature males will pursue the female, not reacting to any aggressive behavior from her side. As in many other felids, the male bites the fur on the female's neck on mounting; the female lets out a loud scream on penetration.[34][10]

After a gestation period of 70 to 75 days, a litter of one to four kittens is born in a den constructed in a dense thicket, hollow tree, or similar cover. The kittens are covered well with fur and the underside is marked with spots, which disappear as they age; the coat color gradually changes as the kittens grow older.[34][39] The mother starts bringing solid food for the kittens when they are around three weeks old, but they simply play with it until the mother ultimately ingests it. Kittens are capable of taking solid food like birds and guinea pigs at around six weeks. Jaguarundis become sexually mature at one to three years of age. Lifespan up to 15 years has been recorded in captivity.[34][36]

Threats and conservation[edit]

In the Děčín zoo, Czech Republic

The jaguarundi has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002. Mexican populations, except those in the northeast, appear to be stable. The huge protected areas in the Amazon Basin are probably the only conservation units that can sustain long-term viable populations. IUCN Red List assessors noted that it should be listed as Near Threatened, but the data were not sufficient to extend this classification throughout the jaguarundi's range.[1] The jaguarundi is not particularly sought after for its fur due to its poor quality and low value, but it is suffering decline due to habitat loss.[36][37]

Other threats include risks of habitat fragmentation and persecution for killing poultry.[1] The North and Central American jaguarundi populations are listed in CITES Appendix I and all the other populations are listed in CITES Appendix II.[39] Populations in the US are protected under the Endangered Species Act;[2] the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department has expressed concern that its presence in South Texas may be imperiled due to loss of the cat's native habitat.[50] Populations in Mexico are listed under the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.[51]

Hunting jaguarundi is restricted in Peru and banned in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, United States, and Venezuela.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Caso, A.; de Oliveira, T. & Carvajal, S.V. (2015). "Herpailurus yagouaroundi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T9948A50653167. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T9948A50653167.en. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Puma yagouaroundi". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Ferreira, A.B.H. (1986). Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa [New Dictionary of the Portuguese Language] (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 980.
  4. ^ "jaguarundi". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  5. ^ "jaguarundi". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  6. ^ "jaguarundi". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021.
  7. ^ de Miranda, E.E.; Gambarini, A. (2003). Natureza, Conservação e Cultura: Ensaio sobre a Relação do Homem com a Natureza no Brasil [Nature, Conservation and Culture: Essay on the Relationship between Man and Nature in Brazil] (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Metalivros. p. 113. ISBN 9788585371470.
  8. ^ Nowell, K.; Jackson, P.; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, eds. (1996). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: IUCN. p. 146. ISBN 978-2-8317-0045-8.
  9. ^ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1803). "Le chat yagouarundi. Felis yagouarundi (The cat jaguarundi: Felis yagouarundi)". Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle [Catalogue of Mammals of the National Museum of Natural History] (in French). Paris: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. p. 124.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i de Oliveira, T.G. (1998). "Herpailurus yagouaroundi". Mammalian Species (578): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504500. JSTOR 3504500.
  11. ^ Fischer von Waldheim, G. (1814). "Felis eyra". Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata : in usum praelectionum Academiae imperialis medico-chirugicae mosquensis edita (in Latin). Moscow: Nicolai S. Vsevolozsky. p. 228.
  12. ^ Berlandier, J.-L. (1859). "Felis yagouarundi (Desm.)". In Baird, S. F. (ed.). Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey made under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. Vol. II. Mammals of the boundary. Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson. pp. 12–13.
  13. ^ Thomas, O. (1898). "On new mammals from Western Mexico and Lower California". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 7. 1 (1): 40–46. doi:10.1080/00222939808677921.
  14. ^ Holmberg, E. L. (1898). "La fauna de la República Argentina (The fauna of the Argentine Republic)" (PDF). In Carrasco, G. (ed.). Segundo Censo de la República Argentina Mayo 10 de 1895 [Second Census of the Argentine Republic May 10, 1895]. Vol. 1. Buenos Aires: Taller Tipográfico de la Penitenciaría Nacional. pp. 477–602.
  15. ^ Mearns, E.A. (1901). "Two new cats of the eyra group from North America". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 14: 149–151.
  16. ^ Allen, J.A. (1904). "Mammals from southern Mexico and Central and South America" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 20 (4): 29–80.
  17. ^ Thomas, O. (1914). "On various South-American mammals". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 8. 13 (75): 345–363. doi:10.1080/00222931408693492.
  18. ^ Severtzov, N.A. (1858). "Notice sur la classification multisériale des carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent" [Notes on the classification of the carnivores, especially the Felidae, and the respective zoological studies]. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée (in French). X: 385–396.
  19. ^ Ruiz-García, M. & Pinedo-Castro, M. (2013). "Population genetics and phylogeographic analyses of the jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) by means of three mitochondrial markers: The first molecular study of this species". In Ruiz-García, M. & Shostell, J. M. (eds.). Molecular Population Genetics, Evolutionary Biology and Biological Conservation on Neotropical Carnivores. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 245–288. ISBN 978-1-62417-079-9.
  20. ^ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 31–32.
  21. ^ a b Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W.E. & O'Brien, S.J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D.W. & Loveridge, A.J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (Reprint ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  22. ^ Culver, M.; Johnson, W.E.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S.J. (2000). "Genomic ancestry of the American puma" (PDF). Journal of Heredity. 91 (3): 186–197. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186. PMID 10833043. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2004.
  23. ^ Adams, D.B. (1979). "The cheetah: native American" (PDF). Science. 205 (4411): 1155–1158. Bibcode:1979Sci...205.1155A. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1155. PMID 17735054. S2CID 17951039. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-21.
  24. ^ Johnson, W.E. & O'Brien, S.J. (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (S1): S98–S116. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44S..98J. doi:10.1007/PL00000060. PMID 9071018. S2CID 40185850.
  25. ^ Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.
  26. ^ Dobrynin, P.; Liu, S.; Tamazian, G.; Xiong, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Krasheninnikova, K.; Kliver, S. & Schmidt-Küntzel, A. (2015). "Genomic legacy of the African cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus". Genome Biology. 16: 277. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0837-4. PMC 4676127. PMID 26653294.
  27. ^ O’Brien, S.J. & Johnson, W.E. (2007). "The evolution of cats" (PDF). Scientific American. 297 (1): 68–75. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297a..68O. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0707-68.
  28. ^ Barnett, R.; I.B.; Phillips, M.J.; Martin, L.D.; Harington, C.R.; Leonard, J.A. & Cooper, A. (2005). "Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat". Current Biology. 15 (15): R589–R590. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052. PMID 16085477. S2CID 17665121.
  29. ^ Faurby, S.; Werdelin, L. & Svenning, J.C. (2016). "The difference between trivial and scientific names: there were never any true cheetahs in North America". Genome Biology. 17 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0943-y. PMC 4858926. PMID 27150269.
  30. ^ a b c d e Bellani, G.G. (2020). Felines of the World: Discoveries in Taxonomic Classification and History. London: Academic Press. pp. 223–231. ISBN 978-0-12-816503-4.
  31. ^ Culver, M. (2000). "Genomic ancestry of the American puma (Puma concolor)". Journal of Heredity. 91 (3): 186–197. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186. PMID 10833043.
  32. ^ Chimento, N.R.; Dondas, A. (2018). "First record of Puma concolor (Mammalia, Felidae) in the Early-Middle Pleistocene of South America". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25 (3): 381–389. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9385-x. S2CID 16249074.
  33. ^ Barnett, R.; Barnes, I.; Phillips, M. J.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. Richard; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Cooper, Alan (2005). "Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat". Current Biology. 15 (15): R589–R590. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052. PMID 16085477. S2CID 17665121.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Jaguarundi". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 113–119. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h Hunter, L. (2015). Wild Cats of the World. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 152–156. ISBN 978-1-4729-2285-4.
  36. ^ a b c d e f Nowak, R.M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 818. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  37. ^ a b c Brown, D.E.; Gonzalez, C.A. (1999). "Jaguarundi (Felis yagouaroundi tolteca)" (PDF). Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science (32): 155–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  38. ^ Sirimarco, E. (2001). "Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi cacomitli)". In Hildyard, A. (ed.). Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. Vol. 6. New York: Marshall Cavendish Co. pp. 736–738. ISBN 0-7614-7200-2.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Aranda, M.; Caso, A. (26 September 2013). "Jaguarundi". In Ceballos, G. (ed.). Mammals of Mexico. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 498–499. ISBN 978-1-4214-0879-8.
  40. ^ Wurster-Hill, Doris H.; Gray, C. W. (1973). "Giemsa banding patterns in the chromosomes of twelve species of cats (Felidae)". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 12 (6): 377–397. doi:10.1159/000130481. PMID 4134385.
  41. ^ Coronado-Quibrera, W.P.; Olmos-Oropeza, G.; Bender, L.C.; Rosas-Rosas, O.C.; Palacio-Núñez, J.; Tarango-Arámbula, L.A.; Herrera-Haro, J.G. (2019). "Adaptability of the threatened jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi Schereber, 1777) to human-altered environments in San Luis Potosí, Mexico". Acta Zoológica Mexicana. 35: 1–15. doi:10.21829/azm.2019.3502210. S2CID 204848020.
  42. ^ a b Giordano, A.J. (2016). "Ecology and status of the jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi: a synthesis of existing knowledge" (PDF). Mammal Review. 46 (1): 30–43. doi:10.1111/mam.12051.
  43. ^ Brown, D.E.; González, C.A.L. (1999). "Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi Geoffroy 1803) not in Arizona or Sonora". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 32 (2): 155–157. JSTOR 40021308.
  44. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  45. ^ a b Simberloff, D.; Schmitz, D.C. & Brown, T.C. (1997). Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1-55963-430-4.
  46. ^ Grattarola, F.; Hernandez, D.; Duarte, A.; et al. (2016). "Primer registro de yaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) en Uruguay, con comentarios sobre monitereo participativo" [First record of jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Uruguay, with comments on participatory monitoring]. Boletín de la Sociedad Zoológica del Uruguay (in Spanish). 25 (1): 85–91.
  47. ^ Konecny, M.J. (1989). "Movement patterns and food habits of four sympatric carnivore species in Belize, South America" (PDF). Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy: 243–264.
  48. ^ Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. & Nowell, K. (2010). "Dramatis personae: an introduction to the wild felids". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–58. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  49. ^ "Puma yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)". Animal Diversity Web.
  50. ^ "South Texas wildlife management: Endangered species". Texas Parks & Wildlife. 15 April 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  51. ^ Lorenzo, C. & González-Ruiz, N. (2018). "Mammals in the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010". Therya. 9 (1): 69–72. doi:10.12933/therya-18-565.

Notes[edit]

External links[edit]