April 1961

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April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin of Soviet Union becomes first man in space[1]
Gagarin's Vostok 1 capsule
April 19, 1961: Bay of Pigs invaders captured in Cuba
April 27, 1961: Sierra Leone becomes independent

The following events occurred in April 1961:

April 1, 1961 (Saturday)

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April 2, 1961 (Sunday)

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April 3, 1961 (Monday)

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Rediscovered possum

April 4, 1961 (Tuesday)

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April 5, 1961 (Wednesday)

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"Barbara Strysand"

April 6, 1961 (Thursday)

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April 7, 1961 (Friday)

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  • In Montevideo, Uruguay, the Treaty between the Argentine Republic and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay concerning the boundary constituted by the River Uruguay was signed by the leaders of Argentina and Uruguay. Effective January 19, 1966, the channels of navigation and the islands within the river would be divided along the river on a line running from the southwest headland of the Isla Brasilera to the point where the Uruguay River merged with the Paraná River to form the Río de la Plata.[24]
  • Vladimir Ilyushin, according to contemporary rumours, supposedly became the first man in space. Dennis Ogden, at the time an American reporter for the U.S. Communist Party newspaper, the Daily Worker, would later note that Soviet papers reported that cosmonaut Ilyushin had been seriously injured in a car accident, and speculated that the news was a cover for a mission that had gone wrong.[25]
  • Born:
  • Died:

April 8, 1961 (Saturday)

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  • Shortly after 4:00 a.m., the British India Steam Navigation Company passenger ship MV Dara exploded off Dubai. In the fire and in panic during the rescue, 238 passengers and crew died, while another 565 were rescued.[26] The ship sank two days later while being towed.[27] A British Admiralty court would conclude a year later that an anti-tank mine, "deliberately placed by a person or persons unknown", had "almost certainly" caused the explosion.[28]
  • The leadership of the Malta Labour Party, readers, advertisers and distributors of Party papers as well as its voters were placed under an interdict, which lasted until 1969.[29]
  • Born: Richard Hatch, American reality show contestant who won the first competition in the TV series Survivor; in Middletown, Rhode Island
  • Died: Princess Kapiolani Kawananakoa Field, 58, pretender to the throne of Hawaii. Mrs. Field "would have been Queen of Hawaii had the monarchy continued," an obituary noted, but she "would not listen to talk of reinstating the monarchy." She was quoted as saying "If America wanted to do something on her own accord to restore the monarchy, that would be all right. But no Hawaiian would do anything to hurt America. We love America too much."[30][31] Her son, Edward A. Kawananakoa, identified by monarchists as the new pretender, Kawananakoa II, would live until 1997.[32]

April 9, 1961 (Sunday)

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  • Eight days before the scheduled invasion of Cuba, the CIA learned that the Soviet Union was aware that the attack would take place on April 17. Even with the secret compromised, the CIA elected not to call off the operation nor to alert the participants. The information would not be made public until 39 years later, with the declassification of the Taylor Commission report.[33]
  • The last of the streetcars of Los Angeles was retired, after 136 passengers boarded the last scheduled Pacific Electric Railway red car to ride the 18-mile (29 km) rail line to Long Beach. A charter car departed 10 minutes later. The network had been formed in 1902, but the interurban tracks were gradually removed after World War II.[34][35]
  • Albert Kalonji, President of the South Kasai breakaway republic, was crowned the Mulopwe, a Baluba language word for monarch, of his people.[36][37]
  • Joseph Ganda was ordained as the first native Roman Catholic priest in Sierra Leone.
King Zog of Albania
  • Died: Zog I, 65, former King of Albania from 1928 to 1939; from an undisclosed condition. As Ahmet Zogu, he had been prime minister and then President of Albania before proclaiming a monarchy. Albanian exiles proclaimed his 22-year-old son, the former crown prince, as King Leka I.[38]

April 10, 1961 (Monday)

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April 11, 1961 (Tuesday)

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April 12, 1961 (Wednesday)

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April 13, 1961 (Thursday)

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April 14, 1961 (Friday)

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  • "MH-5", the Materials Handling Committee #5 of the American Standards Association, approved the standard size for shipping containers now used worldwide, with dimensions of 8 feet (2.4 m) high, 8 feet (2.4 m) wide, and in units of 10 feet (3.0 m), 20 feet (6.1 m), 30 feet (9.1 m) and 40 feet (12 m) long.[50]
  • In an event televised live throughout the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Yuri Gagarin received a hero's welcome at the Vnukovo airport, where he was greeted by Soviet dignitaries, and along the 10-mile (16 km) route from the airport to Moscow's Red Square.[51]
  • NASA issued study contract NAS 9-119 to McDonnell for improvement of the Mercury spacecraft as an operational vehicle. Among the changes was relocating some equipment location from inside the Mercury pressure vessel to the outside.[52]
  • Brigade 2506, the group of 1,400 Cuban exiles, boarded ships and departed from Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua for a three-day voyage to Cuba where it would invade at the Bay of Pigs.[53]
  • Hungary abolished its "People's Courts", which had pronounced sentences on 22,000 people, including 280 death sentences, for their role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.[54]
  • Born: Robert Carlyle, Scottish film and TV actor; in Maryhill, Glasgow[55]

April 15, 1961 (Saturday)

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  • The preliminary stage of the Bay of Pigs Invasion commenced as eight Douglas B-26B Invader bombers attacked Cuban airfields at San Antonio de Los Baños, Ciudad Libertad, and Santiago de Cuba airport. The B-26s had been prepared by the CIA on behalf of Brigade 2506, and painted in false flag markings of the Cuban air force. They had flown from Nicaragua with crews of Cuban exiles, and the purpose of Operation Puma was to destroy armed aircraft of the Cuban air force in advance of the main invasion.[56] Shortly after the attacks, another B-26 flew to Miami with false battle damage, and the pilot falsely claimed to be one of several Cuban defectors. At the United Nations, the Cuban Foreign Minister accused the U.S. of aggressive air attacks against Cuba. The U.S. ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson stated that U.S. armed forces would not "under any conditions" intervene in Cuba. He was later embarrassed to realize that the CIA had lied to him and to Secretary of State Dean Rusk.[57]
  • Born: Tiina Lillak, Finnish javelin thrower and 1983 world champion; in Helsinki

April 16, 1961 (Sunday)

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April 17, 1961 (Monday)

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  • Thousands of troops began the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba at 1:00 in the morning local time, as Operation Zapata got under way. The first group of a force of about 1,300 Cuban exiles of Brigade 2506 made an amphibious landing at Playa Girón, a beach at the Bahia de Cochinos ("Bay of Pigs" in Spanish) on the southern coast of Cuba. They had been trained by the CIA in Guatemala, then embarked in Nicaragua on four freighter ships chartered by the CIA and escorted to Cuban waters by a large U.S. Navy task force. A second group of attackers landed 35 kilometres (22 mi) further northwest in the bay at Playa Larga. By about 06:30, the freighter ships and landing craft still unloading troops, vehicles and equipment were attacked by Sea Fury fighter-bombers and T-33 jets of the Cuban air force. At about 07:30, 177 invading paratroops were dropped at four locations north of the landing areas. By about 09:00, one of the freighters had been damaged and beached, and another was then sunk in the bay by air-to-ground rockets. The surviving vessels withdrew south to international waters. By the end of the day, four attacking B-26 bombers had been shot down by T-33s and ground fire, and invading troops had come under fire from Cuban militia and regular troops.[61]
  • The 33rd Academy Awards ceremony was hosted by Bob Hope. The award for Best Picture went to The Apartment, for which Billy Wilder won Best Director. Burt Lancaster won Best Actor (for Elmer Gantry), Elizabeth Taylor Best Actress (for BUtterfield 8).[62]
  • Born: Greg Gianforte, Governor of Montana since 2021; in San Diego, California

April 18, 1961 (Tuesday)

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  • Catherine Dorris Norrell, widow and legislative assistant of Arkansas Congressman William F. Norrell, won a special election to fill the vacancy left by her husband's death on February 15, defeating four men vying for the office. She took office as U.S. representative for the 6th District of Arkansas on April 25, and finished out his term.[63]
  • Cuban ground forces continued their advances against invading troops, retaking Playa Larga, and advancing towards Playa Girón and the paratroop positions. They were attacked by B-26s flown by Cuban exiles and CIA contractors using napalm, machine guns and bombs.[64]
  • The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations was approved, 72–0, by participants at a six-week-long conference convened by the United Nations and entered into effect on April 24, 1964.[65]

April 19, 1961 (Wednesday)

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  • Air attacks were made by B-26s against advancing Cuban ground forces. Combat air patrols, with strict rules of engagement, were flown by unmarked U.S. Navy A4D Skyhawk jets from USS Essex, but they failed to prevent two bombers being shot down by Cuban aircraft, killing four Americans of the Alabama National Guard employed by the CIA as aircrew trainers. By dusk, about 17:30, Brigade 2506 ground forces had retreated to the beaches, then surrendered or dispersed into neighbouring swamps. About 114 Brigade ground troops, and 176 Cuban ground forces, were killed in combat. With the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuba would take 1,189 of the invaders as prisoners of war and try them for treason.[66] On December 24, 1962, the last group of 1,113 prisoners would be released in exchange for $53,000,000 worth of food and medicine.[67]
  • Born: Anna Gerasimova, Russian singer and songwriter; in Moscow

April 20, 1961 (Thursday)

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The Bell Rocket Belt

April 21, 1961 (Friday)

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April 22, 1961 (Saturday)

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  • Four retired French Generals — Maurice Challe and Raoul Salan, both of whom had formerly been Commanders-in-Chief of the French Army in Algeria; Edmond Jouhaud, former Inspector General of the French Air Force; and André Zeller, former Chief of Staff of the French Ground Army attempted a coup and sent at least 2,000 paratroopers to seize control of cities in Algeria to prevent the transfer of power from France to Algerian nationals. In the early morning hours in Algiers, France's delegate general, Jean Morin, French Transport Minister Robert Buron, and General Fernand Gambiez were taken prisoner as the troops seized control of government offices.[76][77] Expecting that an attempted coup would reach the French mainland, President Charles De Gaulle ordered loyal units to fight the mutineers. Failing to win support in the coup, General Challe surrendered to loyal troops on April 26 and was flown to Paris to face trial for treason, while Salan, Jouhad and Zeller fled, along with former prime minister Georges Bidault, who had joined the generals in a statement calling for the overthrow of De Gaulle.[78]
  • Deputy Sheriffs Alex Gary Morris Sr., and Alonzo Brownlow Tyler of the Hancock County, Tennessee Sheriff's Department were shot and killed while trying to arrest another county law enforcement officer, constable C. B. Oakes, for drunk driving. After Morris and Tyler pursued constable Oakes to his home, seven members of his family shot and killed the deputies; the constable was also killed.[79][80][81]

April 23, 1961 (Sunday)

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  • Judy Garland performed a legendary comeback concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City, receiving a standing ovation as she arrived on stage, and five minutes of cheering. Variety critic Gordon Cox described the event as "the greatest night in show business history".[82] The live performance was recorded as a Grammy award-winning and bestselling album, Judy at Carnegie Hall.[83]
  • For the first and only time in the history of the Fifth Republic of France, the emergency powers (pouvoirs exceptionnels) provision in Article 16 of its Constitution was invoked. President De Gaulle would retain the special power for five months following the uprising in Algeria, until September 29.[84]
  • A monument "to the victims of fascism" was dedicated before a crowd of 200,000 by East German leader Walter Ulbricht at the site of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[85]
  • Born: George Lopez, American stand-up comedian and actor; in Los Angeles[86]
  • Died: Clete Turner, 52, Australian rules footballer[87]

April 24, 1961 (Monday)

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  • Major General Don R. Ostrander, NASA Director of Launch Vehicle Programs, described plans for work on orbital rendezvous techniques to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics. The subject of orbital rendezvous figured prominently in House hearings on NASA's proposed 1962 budget. On May 23, the Committee met to hear Harold Brown, Director of Defense Research and Engineering, and Milton W. Rosen, Ostrander's Deputy, explain the needs for orbital rendezvous, the means of achieving it, and the support level of component activities required to achieve it.[52]
  • The Swedish warship Vasa was raised from the sea after sinking in the Baltic Sea almost 333 years earlier. The Vasa capsized hours into its maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, drowning the 30 people on board. The ship had been rediscovered in 1956 by Anders Franzén off the island of Beckholmen, still well-preserved, and is now in a museum in Stockholm.[88][89]
  • "Stand by Me", a song performed by Ben E. King, was released by Atco Records. The song became an instant hit in 1961 and would regain popularity after being featured on the soundtrack of the 1986 film of the same name. Since then, there have been over 400 recorded versions of the song and has been listed as one of the best love songs in music history.[90][91]

April 25, 1961 (Tuesday)

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April 25, 1961: Launch of Mercury 3
  • The uncrewed Mercury 3 (MA-3) was launched from Cape Canaveral in an attempt to orbit the spacecraft with a "mechanical astronaut" aboard. After lift-off, the launch vehicle failed to roll to a 70-degree heading and to pitch over into the proper trajectory. The abort-sensing system activated the escape rockets prior, and the rocket was destroyed by the range safety officer 40 seconds, reaching an altitude of 16,400 feet (5,000 m). The destruction of the Atlas rocket sent a rain of shrapnel downward.[92] The spacecraft then coasted up to 24,000 feet (7,300 m), deployed its parachutes, and landed in the Atlantic Ocean 2,000 yards (1,800 m) north of the launch pad. The spacecraft was recovered and was found to have incurred only superficial damage; it was then shipped to McDonnell for refitting.[8][92] Astronaut Gus Grissom, piloting an F-106A to observe the launch, was able to fly through the debris without injury.[93] An Atlas investigation board was convened on May 17 to study the cause of failure of the launch of the uncrewed Mercury-Atlas 3 rocket.[8]
Early integrated circuit

April 26, 1961 (Wednesday)

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April 27, 1961 (Thursday)

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April 28, 1961 (Friday)

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April 28, 1961: Launch of Little Joe 5B
  • Little Joe 5B, the final uncrewed test of the Launch Escape System of the Mercury spacecraft, was launched from Wallops Island, Virginia, exactly one week before the first American astronaut would be launched from Cape Canaveral. A misfire sent the rocket to an altitude of only 14,000 feet (4,300 m), far short of the 40,000-foot (12,000 m) altitude at which the abort system was set to eject the capsule. Despite the setback, the system performed flawlessly, even against a dynamic air pressure of almost twice as much as what had been planned.[101][102]
  • A simulated countdown for the first Mercury-Redstone crewed suborbital flight (MR-3) was successfully completed.[8]

April 29, 1961 (Saturday)

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UAS Flag

April 30, 1961 (Sunday)

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  • Willie Mays of the San Francisco Giants ended a batting slump with what he described as "the greatest game of my career", becoming only the sixth major league player to hit four home runs in one game, in a 14–4 win over the host Milwaukee Braves, whose Hank Aaron hit two homers.[106] Giants' first-base coach Wes Westrum, a former catcher, is said to have been able to decode the signals from the Braves' catcher, and to have signaled Mays on what to expect.[107]
  • Eastern Air Lines revolutionized commuter air travel by inaugurating the Eastern Air-Shuttle, hourly flights between New York's LaGuardia Airport and Boston and Washington, with no reservation required. If a customer was unable to make one flight, it was guaranteed that another one would be available within an hour or less. The New York Times described it as "the greatest advance in aviation since the Wright Brothers".[108]
  • The first nuclear-powered Soviet submarine, K-19, was commissioned.
  • Lee Harvey Oswald married Marina Prusakova in Minsk, Belarus.[109]
  • Born: Isiah Thomas, American NBA basketball player honored by the league in 1996 as one of the 50 greatest in the first 50 years of NBA history; in Chicago[110]
  • Died: Dickie Dale, 34, British motorcycle racer; following an accident at the Nürburgring circuit[111]

References

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