August 1963

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The following events occurred in August 1963:

August 28, 1963: 250,000 March on Washington
Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his "I Have a Dream" speech
August 30, 1963: Philips introduces the cassette tape recorder

August 1, 1963 (Thursday)[edit]

August 2, 1963 (Friday)[edit]

  • The Sino-Soviet split widened as the People's Republic of China, in its strongest condemnation to that time of the Soviet Union, criticized the Soviets as being "freaks and monsters" for making "unconditional concessions and capitulation to the imperialists" after the USSR had agreed to a partial nuclear test ban treaty with the United States and the United Kingdom. The statement came in an editorial in the Chinese Communist Party newspaper, the People's Daily.[6]
  • The NFL champion Green Bay Packers were upset, 20–17, by the College All-Stars in the annual Chicago College All-Star Game.[7] It would be the last time that the All-Stars would win the series, which would be discontinued after the 1976 contest.[8]
  • José de Jesús García Ayala was consecrated as Auxiliary Bishop of Campeche. He would go on to become the oldest bishop in the Mexican church, living beyond his 100th birthday.
  • A tropical storm off Bermuda intensified and was classified as Hurricane Arlene, though it would degenerate into a tropical depression the following day.[9]

August 3, 1963 (Saturday)[edit]

August 4, 1963 (Sunday)[edit]

  • At 5:00 in the morning, Haiti was invaded from the Dominican Republic by an army of 500 Haitian rebels seeking to overthrow the dictatorship of President Francois Duvalier, commonly referred to as "Papa Doc". The rebel forces crossed the border from the Dominican town of Dajabón to strike at Ouanaminthe, moving across the Rivière du Massacre/Rio Dajabón.[14]
  • The 1963 German Grand Prix was held at the Nürburgring and won by John Surtees, with Jim Clark finishing second. Clark remained well in first place in the world auto-driving championship standings, with 42 points, while Surtees was second at 22.[15]
  • The African Development Bank (AfDB) was created by agreement of the leaders of 33 African nations meeting in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan.[16]
  • Born: Keith Ellison, U.S. Representative for Minnesota from 2007 to 2019, the first Muslim to be elected to the United States Congress; in Detroit

August 5, 1963 (Monday)[edit]

August 5, 1963: NASA astronauts dressed for survival in the Nevada desert
  • All members of NASA Astronaut Group 2 and two of the Mercury astronauts began a five-day desert survival course at Stead Air Force Base in Nevada. The course, oriented toward Project Gemini missions, had (1) one and one-half days of academic presentations on characteristics of world desert areas and survival techniques; (2) one day of field demonstrations on use and care of survival equipment and use of the parachute in construction of clothing, shelters, and signals; and (3) two days of remote site training, when two-man teams were left alone in the desert to apply what they had learned from the academic and demonstration phases of the program.[2]
  • In Moscow, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the first Nuclear Test Ban treaty. The ceremony took place at the Kremlin with U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home, and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko signing on behalf of their respective nations.[17]
  • Craig Breedlove set the record for fastest driver in the world, reaching 428.37 miles per hour (689.39 km/h) "for a measured mile" in a jet-powered vehicle, Spirit of America, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. His average for two runs was 407.45 miles per hour (655.73 km/h).[18]
  • The trial of Stephen Ward was formally closed with no sentence pronounced, two days after Ward's suicide.[19]
  • Born: Mark Strong, English actor; in London
  • Died: Salvador Bacarisse, 64, Spanish composer

August 6, 1963 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • The United States Senate voted, 84 to 0, for a pay increase to nearly all members of the United States Armed Services, whether active or on reserve, three months after the House of Representatives had passed a "somewhat similar, but less generous bill".[20]
  • Died:

August 7, 1963 (Wednesday)[edit]

August 8, 1963 (Thursday)[edit]

  • The Great Train Robbery of 1963 took place at Ledburn, Buckinghamshire, England, when a gang of bandits halted a train ferrying mail between Glasgow and London. At 3:00 a.m., the group caused the train's engineer to stop by activating the red signal and covering the green signal. When the train came to a halt, engineer Jack Mills and his assistant were overpowered, while others in the group boarded the first two coaches hauling mail and tied up the four employees on board. The group then uncoupled the engine and two coaches from the other ten cars on the train, and forced the engineer and assistant to move one mile down the line to the Bridego Bridge, where the mail bags were dropped into automobiles waiting beneath. The haul was estimated at £2,600,000 (at the time worth about $7,300,000; equivalent to £70 million or $87,500,000 in 2023).[29][30]
  • Ndabaningi Sithole, future Zimbabwean prime minister (and later, president) Robert Mugabe, and other members of the Zimbabwe African People's Union formed the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) after being dissatisfied with the leadership of Joshua Nkomo.[31]
  • Qualification testing of the Gemini parachute recovery system demonstrated water-impact accelerations low enough to make water landing safe.[2]

August 9, 1963 (Friday)[edit]

Oswald distributing leaflets in New Orleans on August 16, 1963

August 10, 1963 (Saturday)[edit]

  • A new record was set for latest ending to a Major League Baseball game, when the second game of a doubleheader between the Pittsburgh Pirates, and the visiting Houston Colt .45s (now the Astros lasted until 2:30 in the morning. The first game had been delayed for an hour by rain. Only 300 of the original 9,420 fans stayed to watch Pittsburgh win 7–6 after 11 innings. The record would be broken on June 13, 1967, when a Washington Senators 6–5 win over the Chicago White Sox at 2:44 a.m.[38]
  • Giovanni Colombo became Archbishop of Milan, replacing Pope Paul VI, who had been elected to the papacy two months earlier.
  • Born: Phoolan Devi, Indian bandit and politician (d. 2001); in Ghura Ka Purwa, Uttar Pradesh state
  • Died: Estes Kefauver, 60, American politician who almost won the 1952 Democratic presidential nomination and then served as running-mate for nominee Adlai Stevenson II in 1956

August 11, 1963 (Sunday)[edit]

August 12, 1963 (Monday)[edit]

  • Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya, spoke to 300 white farmers at Nakuru, and reassured them that the new black African government would look after their interests if they remained. "To the chagrin of many freedom fighters, his prophecy turned out to be accurate", one commentator would observe later about the former Mau Mau Uprising leader.[45]
  • Fifteen of the 16 people on board an Air-Inter flight were killed when the Viscount airplane they were on crashed while attempting a landing in a thunderstorm at Lyon. The airplane, which was stopping at Lille on the way to Nice, struck a barn as it descended, and debris from the wreckage killed the farm owner. The sole survivor was a three-year-old girl.[46]
  • Born: Kōji Kitao, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2019); in Mie

August 13, 1963 (Tuesday)[edit]

August 14, 1963 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • A forest fire in Brazil killed 110 people and caused damage in 128 villages and towns in the state of Paraná.[50] The fire, which broke out in four districts around the city of Londrina, started when local farmers were clearing their land by setting small blazes that grew out of control. Eventually, two million hectares or 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) were burned by the blaze before it was brought under control. Besides the 110 known dead, another 1,000 were injured and 5,700 families were left homeless. The death toll may have been as high as 250 people, more than twice the official report.[51][52]
  • British police arrested five people believed to have been members of the gang that had carried out the robbery of the Glasgow-London mail train the previous week and recovered £100,000 of the loot that had been stolen.[53]
  • The first of the Yirrkala bark petitions, created by Aboriginal leaders in the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory of Australia, were presented to Australian governmental leaders at the capital in Canberra.[54]
  • Hamburger SV won the 1962–63 DFB-Pokal, the second-most important national competition in German football.
  • Died: Clifford Odets, 57, American playwright

August 15, 1963 (Thursday)[edit]

  • Fulbert Youlou was forced to resign as president of the Republic of Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.[55] A delegation of military leaders, led by Colonel David Mountsaka and Major Felix Mouzabakani, refused to obey President Youlou's order for the Congolese Army to shoot at the protesters, and demanded his resignation.[56] Youlou was replaced the next day by Alphonse Massamba-Débat, who was designated by the title "chief of government", rather than president.[57] He would be imprisoned until being freed by his supporters on February 7, 1964.[58]
  • The last of the American nuclear Thor missiles, located in the United Kingdom at the 144th Strategic Missile Squadron at North Luffenham, was taken off of alert, ending a process that had started on November 29. The missiles were removed by September 27, and the missile facilities closed by December 20.[59]
  • A team of scientists from Yale University and the Brookhaven National Laboratory announced their discovery of what was believed at the time to be the last class of subatomic particle, the hyperon referred to as "anti-xi-zero".[60]
  • Born: Simon Brown, Jamaican boxer, IBF welterweight champion (1988–1991), and WBC light middleweight champion (1993–1994); in Clarendon
  • Died:
    • Eddie Mays, 34, the last person to be executed in the state of New York; in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison
    • Karl Drews, 43, former American MLB pitcher from 1946 to 1954; by a drunk driver[61]
    • John Powell, 80, American pianist, ethnomusicologist and composer[62]
    • Vsevolod Ivanov, 68, Soviet novelist

August 16, 1963 (Friday)[edit]

August 16, 1963: NASA M2-F1 in flight

August 17, 1963 (Saturday)[edit]

  • Fifty-five people were drowned when the Japanese ferry boat Midori Maru capsized in heavy waves as it sailed from the Okinawan capital to Kumejima Island. Another 185 of the passengers and crew were rescued by fishing boats and U.S. military aircraft.[69]
  • Died:

August 18, 1963 (Sunday)[edit]

  • James Meredith became the first African-American to graduate from the University of Mississippi in its 115 years of existence. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree, having majored in political science and minored in French. The cost of Meredith's protection by federal marshals was more than $5,000,000.[70] His graduation day was without incident; Meredith would later earn a law degree from Columbia University.[71]
  • The last match in the third round of the 1963 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was played at the Estadio Nacional in Costa Rica. The final, scheduled to be played the following month, would eventually be scratched, and Racing Club Haïtien would eventually be declared champion.

August 19, 1963 (Monday)[edit]

August 20, 1963 (Tuesday)[edit]

August 21, 1963 (Wednesday)[edit]

August 22, 1963 (Thursday)[edit]

  • Lloyd Miller Jr., convicted in 1956 of the murder and rape of an 8-year-old girl, was given a stay of execution seven hours before he was scheduled to die in the electric chair at the Stateville Correctional Center in Illinois.[84] U.S. District Court Judge Bernard M. Decker issued a writ of habeas corpus to halt proceedings while Miller's attorneys continued to pursue an appeal. Three-and-a-half years later, on February 13, 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court would reverse Miller's conviction after it was determined that the prosecutor in Fulton County, Illinois, had presented faked evidence at Miller's trial, and Miller would be set free on March 20 after more than ten years behind bars.[85]
  • American test pilot Joe Walker made a second sub-orbital spaceflight, according to the international standard of 100 kilometers, piloting an X-15 rocket plane to an altitude of 354,200 feet (67.08 mi; 108.0 km).[86][87] The record was unofficial, because the X-15 did not take off from the ground under its own power, and was sent up by an air launch. Walker's flight would remain the highest ever achieved by an airplane for more than fifty years, until broken on October 4, 2004, when Brian Binnie would pilot SpaceShipOne to an altitude of 367,500 feet (112,000 m; 112.0 km).[88][89][90]
  • Died: Eric Johnston, 66, American motion picture executive who had served as president of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1945

August 23, 1963 (Friday)[edit]

August 24, 1963 (Saturday)[edit]

August 24, 1963: The Gladiators

August 25, 1963 (Sunday)[edit]

  • All 26 people aboard the Greek freighter MV Donald (formerly the U.S. Navy cargo ship USS Cabell) disappeared shortly after the captain reported by radio that he was encountering bad weather in the Indian Ocean. The ship had been en route to Indonesia with a cargo of 5,000 tonnes (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of iron, and was never found after being reported as missing a month later by the Greek Ministry of Merchant Marine.[98][99]
  • McDonnell completed the fabrication and assembly of Gemini spacecraft No. 1 with the mating of the spacecraft's major modules. The spacecraft passed its final roll-out inspection on October 1 and was shipped to Atlantic Missile Range October 4.[2]
  • Nearly three years after the December 15, 1960 decision by King Mahendra of Nepal to abolish the nation's short-lived elected legislature, the King held the first meeting of the new "National Guidance Council" as an advisory body.[100]
  • Died: Karl Probst, 79, American automobile engineer who, in 1940, designed the U.S. Army's "G.P." (general purpose) vehicle, which would become known as the "jeep"

August 26, 1963 (Monday)[edit]

August 27, 1963 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • Singaporean bar waitress Jenny Cheok disappeared at sea during a scuba diving trip near Sisters' Islands, Singapore. Initially considered as a missing persons case, it was found that Cheok was killed by her boyfriend, Sunny Ang, for her insurance money, which amounted to $450,000 in total. Despite the circumstantial evidence and lack of a body, Ang would be convicted on May 19, 1965 for murder, making the case one of the most sensational murder cases in Singapore's legal history. Ang would be executed in Changi Prison on February 6, 1967. Till this day, Cheok's body has never been found.[102]
  • Less than six hours before the railroads of the United States were scheduled to be shut down by a walkout of railway employees, President Kennedy signed anti-strike legislation that had been passed minutes earlier by the U.S. House of Representatives. The vote in the House, finished at 4:42 p.m., was 286–66 on a bill that had passed the U.S. Senate on August 22. President Kennedy signed the bill into law at 6:14 p.m., ending the strike that had been scheduled for one minute after midnight.[103]
  • Japanese Construction Minister Ichirō Kōno announced that the government would construct a new city on undeveloped land in "a very suitable place near Mount Tsukuba". The "Tsukuba Science City", located 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Tokyo and intended as a community for researchers and scientists, would be ready for its first residents after ten years of construction, and would have over 200,000 residents within 50 years.[104]
  • Eighteen miners were killed in an explosion at an underground potash mine near Moab, Utah, but five men were able to survive the carbon monoxide by finding an air pocket, 2,712 feet (827 m) below the surface, and were lifted to safety by rescue workers.[105]
  • Born: Greg Daniels, former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) in 1986[106]
Civil Rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois
  • Died:
    • W. E. B. Du Bois, 95, African-American professor and civil rights activist, who later became a citizen of Ghana
    • Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, 75, Indian mathematician, logician, political theorist, Islamic scholar and the founder of the Khaksar movement
    • Werner Kuhn, 64, Swiss physical chemist

August 28, 1963 (Wednesday)[edit]

August 28, 1963: Marchers at the Lincoln Memorial

August 29, 1963 (Thursday)[edit]

  • Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, sent a top secret cable to the White House, reporting that "We are launched on a course from which there is no turning back: the overthrow of the [Ngo Dinh] Diem government."[112] At noon in Washington, D.C., President Kennedy held a conference with his Secretaries of State, Defense and the Treasury, as well as with the CIA Director, after which Kennedy authorized a reply to Lodge, which included the statement that "The USG [United States Government] will support a coup which has good chance of succeeding but plans no direct involvement of U.S. Armed Forces."[113]
  • The Policlínico Bancario bank in Argentina was robbed by members of Tacuara Nationalist Movement, who stole 14,000,000 Argentine pesos (equivalent to US$100,000), and killed two bank employees in the process.[114]
  • Gulzarilal Nanda replaced Lal Bahadur Shastri as India's Minister for Home Affairs.

August 30, 1963 (Friday)[edit]

The original hot line, at the Johnson Presidential Library
  • The Moscow–Washington hotline began operations, as the U.S. Department of Defense made a one-sentence announcement to the world press: "The direct communication link between Washington and Moscow is now operational."[115] Because the spoken word could be misunderstood, the hot line was actually a link of teletype machines rather than the red telephone commonly depicted in television and film.[116]
The standard for cassette tapes[117]

August 31, 1963 (Saturday)[edit]

August 31, 1963: Proposed Gemini parasail landing system

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