List of U.S. states and territories by income inequality

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The United States has the greatest income disparity among developed nations.[1] However, the inequality indicators vary considerably from state to state. States that have a high concentration of skilled jobs, implement regressive tax policies, or have weaker worker protections in general tend to have greater income inequalities. As of 2019, the highest inequality may be observed in Puerto Rico, around the New York City and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas, across much of the Southern United States, in California, and in Massachusetts.

Reasons for differences in income inequality among the states

[edit]

In the framework of American federalism, states generally have wide latitude to enact policies within their borders, including state taxation and labor laws. Among the factors that may increase inequality in a state are regressive state tax policies[2] (taxation has played a growing role in diminishing inequality since the 1980s),[3] tax incentives for large companies,[4] corruption,[5] reduced labor-union membership,[6] right-to-work laws,[7] lower minimum wages,[8] poorer healthcare,[9] and increased welfare spending on the poor.[7] Additionally, since the 1970s, income disparities have disproportionately increased in metropolitan areas, because of the concentration of high-skilled jobs there.[10][11] For example, even though New York is the state with the highest inequality, Upstate New York has much less income inequality than Downstate New York, because the economy of New York City (Gini index 0.5469)[12] relies greatly on high-salary earners.[11] States with better financial development tend to be more unequal than those with worse financial opportunities; but the trends go in the opposite directions for high-income and low-income states, the former having more equality up to a certain level of development, beyond which the inequality rises non-linearly.[13] The influx of foreign direct investment lessens the disparity at the federal level, but it does not necessarily do so for individual states.[14]

Gini coefficient

[edit]
Map of Gini coefficients by US state, 2019

The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of incomes (or sometimes wealth) across individuals. A score of "0" on the Gini coefficient represents complete equality, i.e. every person has the same income. A score of 1 would represent the case in which one person would have all the income and others would have none. Therefore, a lower Gini score is roughly associated with a more equal distribution of income and vice versa. In 2018 U.S. income inequality as measured by the Gini index was close to the highest recorded values ever.[15][16]

The information was tabulated in 2019 from data from the American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the US Census Bureau. The South, the tri-state area around New York City and California tend to have more income inequality, while the Upper Midwest, the Northwest and Northern New England are relatively more equal. According to the American Community Survey's (ACS) 2019 estimate, Utah is the most equal state when it comes to income, while New York is the most unequal by this measure, with the Gini indices, before taxes and transfer,[17] of 0.4268 and 0.5149, respectively.[18]

The uncertainties are not shown in the table. The ACS gives a much higher estimate of the Gini coefficient for the United States than other sources.[15][16][19]

# Entity[a] Gini coefficient (2019)[18] Gini coefficient (2015-2019)[20]
 United States 0.4811 0.4823
1  Puerto Rico 0.5509 0.5486
2  New York 0.5149 0.5142
3  District of Columbia 0.5115 0.5269
4  Connecticut 0.5024 0.4963
5  Louisiana 0.4978 0.4953
6  Mississippi 0.4896 0.4807
7  California 0.4866 0.4886
8  Florida 0.4808 0.4862
9  Massachusetts 0.4803 0.4826
10  Illinois 0.4800 0.4821
11  Georgia 0.4795 0.4819
12  New Jersey 0.4782 0.4814
13  New Mexico 0.4768 0.4784
14  Kentucky 0.4764 0.4786
15  Texas 0.4753 0.4791
16  Arkansas 0.4750 0.4765
17  Tennessee 0.4749 0.4788
18  South Carolina 0.4747 0.4740
19  Pennsylvania 0.4745 0.4720
20  North Carolina 0.4743 0.4760
21  Alabama 0.4741 0.4791
22  Oklahoma 0.4739 0.4689
23  Nevada 0.4710 0.4620
24  Virginia 0.4690 0.4689
25  Ohio 0.4651 0.4654
26  West Virginia 0.4644 0.4667
27  Michigan 0.4634 0.4669
28  Missouri 0.4633 0.4641
29  Rhode Island 0.4628 0.4702
30  Montana 0.4597 0.4594
31  Arizona 0.4591 0.4664
32  Indiana 0.4584 0.4526
33  Washington 0.4577 0.4573
34  Maryland 0.4558 0.4535
35  North Dakota 0.4558 0.4537
36  Colorado 0.4548 0.4566
37  Delaware 0.4509 0.4545
38  Kansas 0.4500 0.4563
39  Oregon 0.4500 0.4586
40  Maine 0.4490 0.4511
41  Vermont 0.4471 0.4484
42  Minnesota 0.4434 0.4494
43  Iowa 0.4422 0.4416
44  New Hampshire 0.4406 0.4384
45  Nebraska 0.4400 0.4442
46  Hawaii 0.4397 0.4414
47  Wisconsin 0.4391 0.4448
48  Alaska 0.4376 0.4284
49  South Dakota 0.4360 0.4440
50  Wyoming 0.4345 0.4361
51  Idaho 0.4337 0.4462
52  Utah 0.4268 0.4265

Shares of income by percentiles

[edit]

States and territories are sorted by the share of the lowest quintile in aggregate household income, i.e. the share of household income of 20% of the poorest households in the total household income. Due to different methodologies by which the United States Census Bureau and the EPI have calculated their results, the data should not be compared.

By households

[edit]

Data for quintiles and top 5% come from the American Community Survey estimates in 2019.[21]

# Entity[a] First (lowest) quintile Second quintile Third quintile Fourth quintile Fifth (highest) quintile Of which top 5%
Mean income Share Mean income Share Mean income Share Mean income Share Mean income Share Mean income Share
 United States $14,521 3.15% $39,139 8.48% $66,006 14.30% $103,917 22.51% $238,035 51.56% $430,662 23.32%
1  Utah $20,124 4.18% $49,437 10.25% $75,847 15.73% $109,645 22.74% $227,022 47.09% $403,396 20.92%
2  Idaho $16,199 4.11% $38,686 9.80% $61,073 15.47% $90,879 23.01% $188,036 47.62% $325,365 20.60%
3  South Dakota $15,519 4.00% $37,357 9.62% $59,967 15.45% $90,692 23.36% $184,714 47.58% $317,665 20.45%
4  Nebraska $15,965 3.87% $39,782 9.64% $63,576 15.40% $95,376 23.11% $197,997 47.98% $343,133 20.79%
5  Wisconsin $16,034 3.87% $39,807 9.60% $64,285 15.51% $96,390 23.25% $197,977 47.76% $345,564 20.84%
6  Iowa $15,270 3.81% $38,455 9.58% $61,810 15.40% $92,822 23.13% $192,979 48.08% $339,126 21.12%
7  New Hampshire $19,002 3.77% $48,213 9.56% $77,837 15.43% $117,466 23.29% $241,891 47.96% $412,033 20.42%
8  Maine $14,674 3.75% $36,011 9.20% $59,241 15.13% $90,983 23.24% $190,606 48.68% $327,475 20.91%
9  Alaska $18,408 3.74% $47,516 9.65% $75,786 15.39% $116,589 23.67% $234,221 47.55% $387,399 19.66%
10  Minnesota $18,156 3.74% $46,381 9.56% $74,632 15.39% $111,856 23.06% $233,949 48.24% $406,818 20.97%
11  Wyoming $15,528 3.74% $40,761 9.80% $66,001 15.87% $97,455 23.44% $196,029 47.15% $339,640 20.42%
12  Kansas $15,090 3.67% $38,458 9.35% $62,366 15.16% $94,502 22.97% $200,932 48.85% $350,796 21.32%
13  Vermont $15,054 3.63% $38,675 9.32% $63,610 15.32% $96,920 23.35% $200,816 48.38% $343,288 20.68%
14  Montana $13,899 3.60% $35,107 9.08% $57,539 14.88% $88,237 22.82% $191,819 49.62% $350,655 22.67%
15  Indiana $13,987 3.59% $35,772 9.16% $58,036 14.87% $89,247 22.86% $193,279 49.52% $348,590 22.33%
16  Colorado $18,417 3.56% $48,151 9.30% $77,739 15.02% $118,168 22.83% $255,114 49.29% $450,609 21.76%
17  Oregon $15,597 3.53% $40,845 9.24% $67,311 15.22% $103,468 23.39% $215,026 48.62% $365,465 20.66%
18  North Dakota $15,064 3.52% $39,112 9.14% $64,634 15.11% $98,958 23.13% $209,985 49.09% $373,709 21.84%
19  Washington $18,576 3.51% $48,370 9.15% $78,904 14.92% $120,904 22.86% $262,118 49.56% $457,171 21.61%
20  Arizona $14,754 3.50% $38,775 9.18% $62,516 14.81% $96,326 22.82% $209,819 49.70% $367,580 21.77%
21  Hawaii $18,445 3.47% $51,487 9.69% $83,525 15.72% $125,285 23.58% $252,492 47.53% $423,529 19.93%
22  Michigan $13,976 3.47% $36,017 8.93% $59,559 14.76% $92,178 22.85% $201,676 49.99% $356,455 22.09%
23  Delaware $15,945 3.45% $43,297 9.37% $70,395 15.23% $107,695 23.30% $224,894 48.65% $387,937 20.98%
24  Missouri $13,294 3.42% $34,818 8.94% $57,697 14.82% $89,430 22.96% $194,185 49.86% $345,545 22.18%
25  Ohio $13,601 3.42% $35,246 8.87% $58,719 14.77% $90,882 22.86% $199,074 50.08% $354,673 22.30%
26  Arkansas $11,555 3.39% $29,074 8.52% $49,079 14.39% $77,445 22.70% $173,941 50.99% $315,234 23.10%
27  Tennessee $13,144 3.37% $33,913 8.69% $56,209 14.41% $87,453 22.41% $199,456 51.12% $366,578 23.49%
28  Florida $14,026 3.35% $36,228 8.64% $59,312 14.14% $92,392 22.03% $217,456 51.85% $404,254 24.10%
29  North Carolina $13,301 3.33% $34,642 8.66% $57,647 14.40% $90,467 22.61% $204,129 51.01% $367,316 22.95%
30  Nevada $14,425 3.32% $39,271 9.03% $63,769 14.67% $97,058 22.33% $220,208 50.65% $415,695 23.91%
31  Maryland $18,902 3.31% $52,314 9.17% $86,873 15.23% $132,242 23.18% $280,115 49.10% $478,927 20.99%
32  Oklahoma $12,507 3.31% $32,890 8.71% $54,708 14.49% $85,519 22.64% $192,061 50.85% $352,070 23.30%
33  Pennsylvania $14,295 3.26% $37,855 8.62% $63,852 14.55% $99,443 22.65% $223,499 50.92% $403,160 22.96%
34  Virginia $17,138 3.26% $45,821 8.72% $76,771 14.61% $120,555 22.94% $265,171 50.46% $455,891 21.69%
35  Texas $14,556 3.25% $38,685 8.63% $64,520 14.39% $101,720 22.68% $228,924 51.05% $408,263 22.76%
36  West Virginia $10,649 3.24% $28,675 8.71% $48,905 14.85% $77,739 23.61% $163,240 49.58% $280,030 21.26%
37  Rhode Island $14,829 3.20% $40,953 8.85% $70,808 15.30% $107,226 23.17% $228,951 49.47% $406,567 21.96%
38  Georgia $13,668 3.16% $36,961 8.55% $62,262 14.40% $97,048 22.45% $222,399 51.44% $402,002 23.25%
39  South Carolina $12,334 3.16% $34,044 8.71% $56,598 14.48% $89,011 22.77% $198,951 50.89% $355,363 22.72%
40  Kentucky $11,367 3.15% $30,762 8.52% $52,800 14.62% $82,595 22.87% $183,549 50.83% $333,777 23.11%
41  Illinois $14,667 3.07% $40,418 8.44% $69,263 14.47% $109,103 22.79% $245,173 51.22% $442,476 23.11%
42  New Mexico $10,976 3.07% $29,804 8.33% $52,194 14.58% $83,044 23.20% $181,940 50.83% $314,941 21.99%
43  Alabama $10,916 3.06% $30,244 8.46% $52,062 14.57% $83,697 23.42% $180,469 50.50% $311,208 21.77%
44  New Jersey $18,249 3.06% $50,796 8.52% $86,333 14.47% $135,936 22.79% $305,190 51.16% $540,499 22.65%
45  California $16,981 2.99% $47,103 8.30% $80,693 14.21% $127,666 22.48% $295,369 52.02% $531,014 23.38%
46  Mississippi $9,715 2.99% $26,122 8.03% $45,905 14.11% $74,345 22.85% $169,318 52.03% $304,820 23.42%
47  Connecticut $16,037 2.80% $45,494 7.94% $78,998 13.78% $126,468 22.07% $306,153 53.42% $579,711 25.29%
48  Massachusetts $16,450 2.80% $49,102 8.36% $86,122 14.66% $136,548 23.25% $299,188 50.93% $526,243 22.40%
49  Louisiana $9,426 2.60% $27,826 7.66% $51,134 14.07% $84,866 23.36% $190,038 52.31% $336,976 23.19%
50  New York $13,372 2.49% $40,540 7.55% $72,668 13.54% $118,290 22.04% $291,906 54.38% $553,773 25.79%
51  District of Columbia $13,762 2.03% $50,961 7.53% $93,636 13.83% $156,790 23.16% $361,695 53.44% $640,700 23.66%
52  Puerto Rico $2,546 1.54% $11,355 6.87% $20,645 12.49% $35,887 21.71% $94,840 57.38% $179,744 27.19%

By families

[edit]

The data presented in the table comes from the Economic Policy Institute (EPI), a think tank, relying on data from 2015 tax returns.[22][23] The table is sorted according to mean income of families (leftmost column).

# Entity[b] Mean income Bottom 90% 90th-95th percentile 95th-99th percentile 99th-99.5th percentile 99.5th-99.9th percentile 99.9th-99.99th percentile Top 0.01% Ratios of average income
Mean Share Mean Share Mean Share Mean Share Mean Share Mean Share Mean Share Top 10%/Bottom 90% Top 1%/Bottom 99%
 United States $62,776 $35,712 51.2% $148,367 11.82% $251,184 16.01% $525,941 4.19% $1,014,839 6.47% $3,610,007 5.18% $32,231,855 5.15% 8.58 26.28
1  Connecticut $92,293 $47,678 46.49% $191,398 10.37% $364,628 15.8% $883,709 4.79% $1,875,492 8.13% $6,986,612 6.81% $70,019,008 7.61% 10.36 37.24
2  Alaska $80,258 $59,020 66.18% $157,792 9.83% $253,740 12.65% $478,028 2.98% $847,542 4.22% $2,352,936 2.64% $12,202,360 1.5% 4.6 12.66
3  New Jersey $80,236 $45,959 51.55% $192,645 12% $335,564 16.73% $706,880 4.41% $1,356,809 6.76% $4,310,330 4.83% $29,977,585 3.71% 8.46 24.31
4  Massachusetts $80,125 $43,129 48.44% $183,931 11.48% $326,594 16.3% $698,164 4.36% $1,436,407 7.17% $5,264,275 5.91% $50,073,531 6.33% 9.58 30.88
5  Wyoming $79,320 $50,057 56.8% $117,805 7.43% $234,288 11.81% $518,794 3.27% $1,141,617 5.76% $4,906,764 5.57% $74,430,630 9.37% 6.85 31.2
6  District of Columbia $79,080 $42,007 47.81% $185,316 11.72% $335,460 16.97% $731,702 4.63% $1,493,112 7.55% $5,160,851 5.87% $43,313,489 5.45% 9.83 30.42
7  North Dakota $78,441 $56,154 64.43% $140,368 8.95% $251,890 12.84% $537,519 3.43% $979,301 4.99% $2,849,992 3.27% $16,638,624 2.09% 4.97 15.82
8  Maryland $74,376 $47,989 58.07% $173,556 11.67% $278,771 14.99% $539,027 3.62% $990,375 5.33% $3,044,613 3.68% $19,960,954 2.64% 6.5 17.84
9  New Hampshire $73,509 $48,522 59.41% $159,167 10.83% $263,486 14.34% $497,666 3.39% $903,356 4.92% $3,048,414 3.73% $24,495,804 3.4% 6.15 18.06
10  Virginia $73,316 $47,318 58.09% $171,941 11.73% $275,813 15.05% $520,672 3.55% $935,689 5.1% $2,980,645 3.66% $20,071,419 2.82% 6.49 17.66
11  Colorado $73,163 $46,003 56.59% $161,401 11.03% $276,993 15.14% $560,707 3.83% $1,052,236 5.75% $3,431,201 4.22% $25,509,683 3.43% 6.9 20.62
12  California $71,531 $38,410 48.33% $164,067 11.47% $295,694 16.54% $628,703 4.39% $1,264,510 7.07% $4,655,579 5.86% $45,539,688 6.35% 9.62 30.7
13  New York $71,146 $33,471 42.34% $148,181 10.41% $289,707 16.29% $699,269 4.91% $1,537,953 8.65% $6,031,176 7.63% $69,948,807 9.77% 12.26 44.39
14  Washington $70,362 $41,486 53.07% $161,375 11.47% $278,080 15.81% $560,971 3.99% $1,035,344 5.89% $3,750,399 4.8% $35,510,381 4.99% 7.96 24.22
15  Texas $68,497 $41,427 54.43% $149,463 10.91% $257,496 15.04% $544,586 3.98% $1,064,130 6.21% $3,698,309 4.86% $31,131,378 4.57% 7.53 24.16
16  Minnesota $68,016 $42,153 55.78% $152,178 11.19% $265,356 15.61% $548,160 4.03% $982,461 5.78% $3,190,827 4.22% $23,313,209 3.4% 7.14 20.9
17  South Dakota $67,344 $44,705 59.74% $134,464 9.98% $227,150 13.49% $499,745 3.71% $945,626 5.62% $3,066,174 4.1% $22,259,893 3.36% 6.06 19.96
18  Nebraska $66,892 $46,300 62.29% $139,083 10.4% $220,227 13.17% $442,182 3.31% $817,349 4.89% $2,531,241 3.41% $17,700,629 2.54% 5.45 16.3
19  Kansas $66,409 $44,263 59.99% $141,368 10.64% $228,922 13.79% $460,073 3.46% $849,610 5.12% $2,773,428 3.76% $21,151,645 3.24% 6 18.27
20  Illinois $65,814 $37,404 51.15% $147,512 11.21% $266,361 16.19% $564,312 4.29% $1,097,449 6.67% $3,878,629 5.3% $34,418,224 5.19% 8.6 27.04
21  Hawaii $65,377 $46,135 63.51% $144,391 11.04% $216,644 13.26% $377,292 2.89% $678,142 4.15% $2,089,348 2.88% $14,490,658 2.28% 5.17 13.74
22  Utah $63,648 $41,144 58.18% $140,009 11% $226,189 14.21% $460,298 3.62% $870,211 5.47% $2,875,818 4.07% $22,200,819 3.46% 6.47 19.72
23  Oklahoma $61,333 $41,632 61.09% $128,051 10.44% $203,408 13.27% $409,091 3.34% $763,424 4.98% $2,492,468 3.66% $19,982,262 3.23% 5.73 17.75
24  Pennsylvania $61,331 $37,220 54.62% $144,964 11.82% $239,384 15.61% $477,868 3.9% $880,578 5.74% $2,966,398 4.35% $24,428,147 3.96% 7.48 21.66
26  Iowa $61,100 $42,288 62.29% $136,305 11.15% $208,545 13.65% $398,722 3.26% $708,743 4.64% $2,031,821 2.99% $12,226,685 2.01% 5.45 14.67
27  Wisconsin $60,087 $38,969 58.37% $136,859 11.39% $213,219 14.19% $428,881 3.57% $800,748 5.33% $2,591,790 3.88% $19,963,684 3.27% 6.42 18.93
28  Rhode Island $59,736 $37,979 57.22% $145,558 12.18% $224,871 15.06% $423,403 3.54% $791,099 5.3% $2,495,936 3.76% $17,754,831 2.94% 6.73 18.21
29  Delaware $59,234 $38,022 57.77% $147,042 12.41% $224,169 15.14% $413,675 3.49% $754,106 5.09% $2,319,168 3.52% $15,522,579 2.57% 6.58 17.03
30  Vermont $57,946 $38,175 59.29% $136,517 11.78% $214,919 14.84% $390,548 3.37% $709,443 4.9% $2,157,359 3.35% $14,433,588 2.47% 6.18 16.24
31  Idaho $55,542 $36,791 59.62% $127,084 11.44% $194,590 14.01% $383,426 3.45% $707,429 5.09% $2,217,680 3.59% $15,549,288 2.79% 6.1 17.38
32  Oregon $54,718 $32,580 53.59% $142,250 13% $229,862 16.8% $435,299 3.98% $783,967 5.73% $2,402,341 3.95% $16,614,076 2.95% 7.8 19.72
33  Nevada $54,603 $29,348 48.37% $130,936 11.99% $202,394 14.83% $434,177 3.98% $921,083 6.75% $3,659,705 6.03% $43,398,535 8.06% 9.61 32.67
34  Ohio $54,286 $34,445 57.11% $129,717 11.95% $205,240 15.12% $406,909 3.75% $745,525 5.49% $2,278,530 3.78% $15,522,306 2.8% 6.76 18.61
35  Florida $54,134 $25,330 42.11% $132,848 12.27% $231,578 17.11% $526,040 4.86% $1,115,498 8.24% $4,246,994 7.06% $45,516,509 8.34% 12.37 39.47
36  Indiana $54,079 $35,292 58.73% $129,989 12.02% $194,351 14.38% $384,281 3.55% $711,978 5.27% $2,148,945 3.58% $13,339,757 2.48% 6.32 17.3
37  Georgia $53,661 $30,874 51.78% $136,683 12.74% $227,121 16.93% $454,127 4.23% $850,589 6.34% $2,690,006 4.51% $18,861,618 3.47% 8.38 22.55
38  Missouri $53,652 $32,679 54.82% $131,782 12.28% $205,077 15.29% $402,866 3.75% $762,426 5.68% $2,543,690 4.27% $20,094,857 3.9% 7.42 21.16
39  Montana $53,305 $33,408 56.41% $129,705 12.17% $204,807 15.37% $392,774 3.68% $727,355 5.46% $2,271,178 3.83% $16,642,147 3.08% 6.96 18.94
40  Tennessee $53,247 $32,630 55.15% $125,779 11.81% $203,017 15.25% $409,589 3.85% $774,209 5.82% $2,546,641 4.3% $20,033,457 3.82% 7.32 21.42
41  Louisiana $52,753 $33,644 57.4% $128,604 12.19% $197,471 14.97% $386,635 3.66% $716,352 5.43% $2,174,654 3.71% $13,388,894 2.63% 6.68 18.07
42  North Carolina $52,441 $31,268 53.66% $132,419 12.63% $216,239 16.49% $418,122 3.99% $768,370 5.86% $2,402,122 4.12% $17,703,228 3.25% 7.77 20.59
43  Michigan $51,574 $30,266 52.82% $136,035 13.19% $208,895 16.2% $403,459 3.91% $755,627 5.86% $2,458,467 4.29% $19,924,851 3.73% 8.04 21.43
44  Arizona $50,406 $29,477 52.63% $132,016 13.1% $211,235 16.76% $404,154 4.01% $761,808 6.05% $2,387,588 4.26% $16,609,364 3.19% 8.1 21.02
45  Maine $48,708 $31,164 57.58% $125,516 12.88% $195,640 16.07% $360,334 3.7% $620,323 5.09% $1,642,230 3.03% $7,977,349 1.64% 6.63 15.41
46  Arkansas $46,735 $27,628 53.21% $120,300 12.87% $180,174 15.42% $319,775 3.42% $622,099 5.32% $2,174,255 4.19% $26,603,208 5.57% 7.92 22.48
47  South Carolina $45,871 $26,861 52.7% $125,699 13.7% $194,990 17% $383,233 4.18% $695,621 6.07% $1,990,468 3.91% $11,121,722 2.45% 8.08 19.7
48  Kentucky $45,790 $28,069 55.17% $122,430 13.37% $180,401 15.76% $334,689 3.65% $616,790 5.39% $1,868,021 3.67% $13,368,017 2.99% 7.31 18.44
49  Alabama $45,638 $27,318 53.87% $124,795 13.67% $184,396 16.16% $360,246 3.95% $662,432 5.81% $1,962,084 3.87% $12,219,118 2.67% 7.71 19.27
50  New Mexico $45,429 $28,758 56.97% $122,701 13.5% $181,522 15.98% $307,694 3.39% $556,635 4.9% $1,593,355 3.16% $9,517,871 2.1% 6.8 15.5
51  Mississippi $40,804 $25,477 56.19% $112,693 13.81% $160,890 15.77% $304,102 3.73% $538,878 5.28% $1,484,044 3.27% $7,929,519 1.94% 7.02 16.42
52  West Virginia $39,993 $25,014 56.29% $116,972 14.62% $156,883 15.69% $295,291 3.69% $508,234 5.08% $1,322,406 2.98% $6,569,242 1.64% 6.99 15.31

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b State, district or territory
  2. ^ State or district

References

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  1. ^ United Press International (UPI), 22 Jun. 2018, "U.N. Report: With 40M in Poverty, U.S. Most Unequal Developed Nation"
  2. ^ Hatch, Megan E.; Rigby, Elizabeth. "How States Can Fight Growing Economic Inequality". Scholars Strategy Network. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  3. ^ Cooper, Daniel H.; Lutz, Byron F.; Palumbo, Michael G. (2015-12-01). "The Role of Taxes in Mitigating Income Inequality Across the U.S. States". National Tax Journal. 68 (4): 943–974. doi:10.17310/ntj.2015.4.03. ISSN 0028-0283. S2CID 157588016.
  4. ^ Jansa, Joshua. "Inequality is higher in some states like New York and Louisiana because of corporate welfare". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  5. ^ Apergis, Nicholas; Dincer, Oguzhan C.; Payne, James E. (2010-10-01). "The relationship between corruption and income inequality in U.S. states: evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model". Public Choice. 145 (1): 125–135. doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9557-1. ISSN 1573-7101. S2CID 153354176.
  6. ^ Bucci, Laura C. (June 2018). "Organized Labor's Check on Rising Economic Inequality in the U.S. States". State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 18 (2): 148–173. doi:10.1177/1532440018760198. ISSN 1532-4400. S2CID 158728596.
  7. ^ a b Hatch, Megan E.; Rigby, Elizabeth (2015). "Laboratories of (In)equality? Redistributive Policy and Income Inequality in the American States". Policy Studies Journal. 43 (2): 163–187. doi:10.1111/psj.12094. ISSN 1541-0072.
  8. ^ Volscho, Thomas W. (2005-01-01). "Minimum Wages and Income Inequality in the American States, 1960–2000" (PDF). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. 23: 343–368. doi:10.1016/S0276-5624(05)23011-1. ISSN 0276-5624. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017.
  9. ^ Shi, Leiyu; Macinko, James; Starfield, Barbara; Wulu, John; Regan, Jerri; Politzer, Robert (2003-09-01). "The Relationship Between Primary Care, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US States, 1980–1995". The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 16 (5): 412–422. doi:10.3122/jabfm.16.5.412. ISSN 1557-2625. PMID 14645332. S2CID 33284246.
  10. ^ Morrill, Richard (2000-03-01). "Geographic variation in change in income inequality among US states, 1970–1990". The Annals of Regional Science. 34 (1): 109–130. doi:10.1007/s001680050129. ISSN 1432-0592. S2CID 153673682.
  11. ^ a b "Why Are Some Places So Much More Unequal Than Others? - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK". www.newyorkfed.org. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  12. ^ Bach, Trevor (2020-09-21). "The 10 U.S. Cities With the Largest Income Inequality Gaps". U.S. News & World Report.
  13. ^ Bittencourt, Manoel; Chang, Shinhye; Gupta, Rangan; Miller, Stephen M. (2019-11-01). "Does financial development affect income inequality in the U.S. States?". Journal of Policy Modeling. 41 (6): 1043–1056. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.07.008. hdl:2263/73542. ISSN 0161-8938. S2CID 158772280.
  14. ^ Chintrakarn, Pandej; Herzer, Dierk; Nunnenkamp, Peter (2012). "Fdi and Income Inequality: Evidence from a Panel of U.s. States". Economic Inquiry. 50 (3): 788–801. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00384.x. hdl:10419/30062. ISSN 1465-7295. S2CID 14076863.
  15. ^ a b "The Distribution of Household Income, 2018 | Congressional Budget Office". www.cbo.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
  16. ^ a b World Bank (1974-01-01). "GINI Index for the United States". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
  17. ^ OECD (2021). "Income redistribution". Government at a Glance. doi:10.1787/1c258f55-en. ISBN 9789264909694. S2CID 242842694. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  18. ^ a b "B19083: Gini index of income inequality (1-year estimate)". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
  19. ^ "Income inequality – Gini Index". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
  20. ^ "B19083: Gini index of income inequality (5-year estimate)". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
  21. ^ "B19082: Shares of aggregate household income by quintiles". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  22. ^ Sommeiller, Estelle; Price, Mark (2018-07-19). "The new gilded age: Income inequality in the U.S. by state, metropolitan area, and county". Economic Policy Institute.
  23. ^ "Data to EPI's report". Economic Policy Institute. 2018-06-07.
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