有羽毛恐龍列表 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

这是一个有关有羽毛恐龙的列表,罗列了目前发现的有羽毛印痕和其他间接证据的非鸟恐龙化石。

相关列表[编辑]

目前已有眾多的非鸟恐龍被發現擁有羽毛或类似皮肤衍生物。以下列表為有直接、間接證據證明的有羽毛恐龍(以發現羽毛時間排列)。粗體字型是有發現直接的羽毛痕跡;非粗體字型是代表沒有發現直接的羽毛壓痕,而是根據羽莖瘤(Quill knobs)、尾綜骨(pygostyle)等間接骨頭特徵來推測,或者是仍未確定者。標(*)記號者,則是非兽脚类恐龍的管狀刺毛或丝状毛发;標(?)記號者,則是仍在爭議中:

已正式命名的属种[编辑]

图示 标本号 发现羽毛时间 羽毛证据 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 印石板始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx lithographica
BMNH 37001 1st
Maxberg 3rd
chicken wing 9th
1861[1][2][3] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德國阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鳥第1件倫敦標本
2 西门子古鳥 Archaeornis seimensii HMN MB. 1880/81 2nd 1884[4] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德國阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鳥第2件柏林標本
3 反曲侏鳥 Jurapteryx recurva JM SoS 2257 5th 1974[5][6] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德國阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鳥第5件愛希施泰特標本
4 奇特擬鳥龍 Avimimus portentosus PIN 3907/1 1987[7][8] 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩紀馬斯垂克階早期 Early Maastrichtian
5 伟大乌禾尔龍 Wellnhoferia grandis Solnhofen 6th 1988[9][10][11] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德國阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鳥第6件索倫霍芬標本
6 巴伐利亞始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx bavarica BSP 1999 I 50 7th 1993[12] 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 德國阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鳥第7件慕尼黑標本
7 原始中華龍鳥 Sinosauropteryx prima GMV 2123=NIGP 127586
NIGP 127587
D 2141
IVPP V14202
1996[13] 全身絲狀結構印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
8 強壯原始祖鳥 Protarchaeopteryx robusta NGMC 2125 1997[14] 前臂有对称飞羽,尾巴有扇形长羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
9 ?多鋸似鵜鶘龍 Pelecanimimus polyodon LH 7777 1997[15] 头、颈下方及右肱骨和肘部保存下来一些皮肤衍生物,由一些近于平行的纤维状物质构成,疑似羽毛印痕 西班牙拉斯奥亚斯 (La Hoyas)拉格古尼亚组(La Huerguina Formation) 早白堊紀豪特里维階晚期到巴列姆階早期 Late Hauterivian-Early Barremian
10 鄒氏尾羽龍 Caudipteryx zoui NGMC 97-4-A
NGMC 97-9-A
BPM 0001
IVPP V11819
1998[16][17] 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴对称长羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
11 奧氏脅空鳥龍 Rahonavis ostromi UA 8656 1998[18][19] 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 馬達加斯加任加省梅法拉諾組(Maevarano Formation) 晚白堊紀馬斯垂克階 Maastrichtian
12 沙漠鳥面龍 Shuvuuia deserti IGM 100/977 1999[20] 骨架附近保存有一些白色纤维状残余物质,应为管状羽毛印痕,包含β角蛋白 蒙古德加多克塔组 (Djadokhta Formation) 晚白堊紀坎帕階晚期 Late Campanian
13 千禧中國鳥龍 Sinornithosaurus millenii IVPP V12811
IG-3
IG-5b
1999[21] 全身絲狀羽毛,前肢局部有代羽轴的短羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
14 意外北票龍 Beipiaosaurus inexpectus IVPP V11559
STM31-1
1999[22][23] 全身絨羽印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
15 董氏尾羽龍 Caudipteryx dongi IVPP V12344 2000[24] 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴对称长羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
16 趙氏小盜龍 Microraptor zhaoianus IVPP V12330
IVPP V13475
CAGS 20-7-004
CAGS 20-8-001
CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 609
BMNHC PH881
2000[25][26][27][28][29] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
17 戈壁天青石龍 Nomingia gobiensis GIN 100/119
(=MPC-D 102/5)
MPC-D 102/5
2000[30][31] 尾綜骨 蒙古布古吉-特萨(Bugin Tsav)岩层 納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩紀馬斯垂克階早期 Early Maastrichtian
18 保羅氏羽龍 Cryptovolans pauli LPM 0200/0201
=BPM1 3-13
LPM 0159
2002[32] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
19 赫氏擅攀鳥龍 Scansoriopteryx heilmanni CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 607 2002[33] 有類似絨毛的痕跡環繞在身體周圍排列成V樣式,最明顯的羽毛壓痕拖曳在左前臂與手部,尾巴末端羽毛痕跡 中国辽宁道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian
20 寧城樹息龍 Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis IVPP V12653 2002[34] 身体類似絨毛的痕跡,前肢周圍有較長羽毛印痕,尾巴末端有模糊的扇形羽毛痕跡 中国內蒙古寧城縣道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian
21 顧氏小盜龍 Microraptor gui IVPP V13320
IVPP V13352
IVPP V17972B
IVPP V17972A
QM V1002
2003[35][36][37] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
22 長掌義縣龍 Yixianosaurus longimanus IVPP V12638 2003[38] 絲狀羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀凡蓝今階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Valanginian-Early Aptian
23 奇異帝龍 Dilong paradoxus IVPP 14243 2004[39] 下頜尾巴絲狀羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀凡蓝今階晚期豪特里维階 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian
24 郝氏中國鳥龍 Sinornithosaurus haoiana D 2140 2004[40] 全身絲狀羽毛,前肢局部有代羽轴的短羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
25 道虎溝足羽龍 Pedopenna daohugouensis IVPP V12721 2005[41][42] 后肢对称羽毛印痕 中国內蒙古寧城縣道虎沟组(Jiufotang Formation) 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian
26 華美金鳳鳥 Jinfengopteryx elegans CAGS-IG-04-0801 2005[43][44] 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴有长羽毛印痕 中国河北丰宁化吉营组(Huajiying Formation)桥头段(Qiaotou Member) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
27 斯氏侏羅獵龍 Juravenator starki JME Sch 200 2006[45][46] 臀部尾巴丝状印痕 德國艾希施泰德(Schamhaupton)派恩滕组(Painten Formation) 晚侏羅紀基米里支階 Late Kimmeridgian “Borsti”
28 巨中華麗羽龍 Sinocalliopteryx gigas JMP-V-05-8-01
CAGS-IG-T1
2007[47] [48] 全身絲狀結構羽毛印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
29 蒙古伶盜龍 Velociraptor mongoliensis IGM 100/981 2007[49] 前臂尺骨上有6个羽莖瘤 蒙古巴鲁恩戈约特组(Baruungoyot Formation) 晚白垩紀坎潘階晚期 Late Campanian
30 義縣似尾羽龍 Similicaudipteryx yixianensis IVPP V12556
STM4-1
STM22-6
2008[50][51] 前肢尾巴对称羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
31 郝氏中鳥 Zhongornis haoae D2455/6 2008[52][53][54] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
32 胡氏耀龍 Epidexipteryx hui IVPP V15471 2008[55] 身體覆蓋者簡易的平行羽枝構成的羽毛,尾巴附有四個長條狀羽毛,尾巴羽毛可發現羽軸、羽片等構造,但構造簡易 中国內蒙古寧城縣道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian
33 赫氏近鳥龍 Anchiornis huxleyi IVPP V14378
BMNHC PH828
LPM-B00169
YFGP-T5199
2009[56] 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着絨羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
34 * 孔子天宇龍 Tianyulong confuciusi STMN 26-3
IVPP V17090
2009[57][58] 頸部背部尾巴管狀刺毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
35 ?駝背昆卡猎龍 Concavenator corcovatus MCCM-LH 6666 2010[59] 前肢尺骨保存了類似羽莖瘤的結構 西班牙昆卡韦尔吉纳组(Calizas de La Huerguina Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期 Late Barremian
36 奧氏天宇盜龍 Tianyuraptor ostromi STM1-3 2010[60] 疑似有细丝状絨羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
37 郑氏晓廷龍 Xiaotingia zhengi STM27-2 2011[9] 四肢和尾巴具有飞羽,全身其他部位有细丝状絨羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
38 “建昌”近鳥龍 Anchiornis “jianchangensis” C.0502 2011[61] 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着絨羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 中国辽宁髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
39 华丽羽王龍 Yutyrannus huali ZCDM V5000(IVPP FV1960)
ZCDMV5001(IVPP FV1961)
ELDM V1001(IVPP FV1962)
2012[62] 全身絨羽印痕 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
40 汉卿小盜龍 Microraptor hanqingi LVH 0026 2012[63] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
41 阿氏似松鼠龍 Sciurumimus albersdoerferi BMMS BK 11 2012[64] 皮肤上附着有精细的、长的、发丝状羽毛,这些羽毛位于其身体前中部、腹部以下、背脊椎上以及尾部的背部一侧 德國索倫霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen)罗葛灵组(Rogling Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通 Early Tithonian
42 埃德蒙顿似鳥龍 Ornithomimus edmontonicus TMP 1995.110.1
塞氏似鸸鹋龙
Dromiceiomimus samueli
TMP 2008.70.1
TMP 2009.110.1
(短背似鸸鹋龙
Dromiceiomimus brevitertius
2012[65] 短的、绒毛样的羽毛,成年的样品显示了前肢上有着硬的中心轴 加拿大埃德蒙頓地區马蹄峡谷组(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) 晚白堊紀馬斯垂克階 Maastrichtian
43 王氏寧遠龍 Ningyuansaurus wangi Xingcheng Confucisornis
Museum specimen
2012[66] 全身絨羽印痕 中国辽西义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階 Aptian
44 短羽始中国羽龍 Eosinopteryx brevipenna YFGP-T5197 2013[67] 前肢有长飞羽,全身覆盖丝状絨羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山組 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
45 徐氏曙光鳥 Aurornis xui YFGP-T5198 2013[68] 沿着尾巴基部三分之一,胸部和颈部具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
46 义县建昌龙 Jianchangosaurus yixianensis 41HIII-0308A 2013[69] 颈部具有丝状羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁建昌义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
47 * 乌克莱斯克库林达羽龙 Kulindapteryx ukureica PIN,no.5435/1a
PIN 5435/56
PIN 5435/61
2014[70][71] 前肢有鳞片鬃毛印痕 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian
48 * 奥洛夫达乌尔龙 Daurosaurus olovus PIN 5435/57 2014[70] [71] 后肢,前肢有鳞片鬃毛印痕 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian
49 杨氏长羽盗龙 Changyuraptor yangi HG B016 2014[72] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
50 * 外貝加尔库林达奔龙 Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus INREC K4/22
INREC K4/33
INREC K4/44
INREC K4/115
INREC K4/116
INREC K4/150
2014[73][74] 后肢有簇状羽毛印痕,躯干和颈部均有羽毛印痕覆盖 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian "Kulindosaurus"
"Kulindodromeus"
51 奧氏葬火龍 Citipati osmolskae MPC-D 100/978 2014[31] 尾綜骨 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩紀馬斯垂克階早期 Early Maastrichtian
52 纖弱竊螺龍 Conchoraptor gracilis MPC-D 100/1275 2014[31] 尾綜骨 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩紀馬斯垂克階早期 Early Maastrichtian
53 奇異恐手龍 Deinocheirus mirificus MPC-D 100/128 2014[75] 尾綜骨 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) 晚白垩紀馬斯垂克階早期 Early Maastrichtian
54 奇翼龍 Yi qi STM 31-2 2015[76] 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 中国河北青龍縣髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
55 孙氏振元龍 Zhenyuanlong suni JPM-0008 2015[77] 前肢和尾部有大型羽毛印痕,翅膀很大 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
56 斯氏达科他盗龍 Dakotaraptor steini PBMNH.P.10.113.T 2015[78] 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 美国南达科他州地狱溪组(Hell Creek Formation) 晚白堊紀馬斯垂克階 Upper Maastrichtian
57 有羽迷惑盜龍 Apatoraptor pennatus TMP 1993.051.0001 2016[79] 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 加拿大阿尔伯塔省马蹄峡谷组(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) 晚白堊紀坎帕階 Campanian-age
58 滕氏嘉年华龍 Jianianhualong tengi DLXH 1218 2017[80][81] 尾部有不对称羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixxian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
59 孙氏丝鸟龍 Serikornis sungei PMOL-AB00200 2017[82] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian ‘Silkie’(YFGP-T5201)
60 厚足奥斯特羅姆龍 Ostromia crassipes TM 6928/6929
(Haarlem specimen;
Teyler specimen; 4th)
SNSB-BSPG 1971 I 211
2017[83] 具有羽毛痕迹 德國阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第4件哈勒姆標本
61 巨嵴彩虹龍 Caihong juji PMoL-B00175 2018[84] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
62 艾氏始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi SNSB BSPG VN-2010/1
(Daiting 8th)
2018[85] 具有羽毛印痕 德國默尔恩斯海姆组(Mörnsheim Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第8件代廷標本
63 干戚刑天龍 Xingtianosaurus ganqi IVPP V13390 2019[86] 具有羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
64 长臂浑元龍 Ambopteryx longibrachium IVPP V24192 2019[87] 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 中国辽宁海房沟組(Haifanggou Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
65 普氏阿尔特穆尔鳥 Alcmonavis poeschli
SNSB-BSPG 2017 I 133
(Mühlheim 13th)
2019[88] 翅膀 德國默尔恩斯海姆组(Mörnsheim Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian 始祖鸟第13件米尔海姆標本
66 渤海舞龙 Wulong bohaiensis DNHM D2933 2020[89] 四肢具有羽毛印痕,尾部有2条长尾羽 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
67 纤瘦纤手龙 Chirostenotes pergracilis UALVP 59400 2020[90] 尾综骨 加拿大阿尔伯塔省恐龙公园组(Dinosaur Park Formation) 晚白堊紀坎帕階 Campanian-age
68 西南纳瓦霍战龍 Dineobellator notohesperus SMP VP-2430 2020[91] 前臂尺骨上有6个羽莖瘤 美国新墨西哥奥乔阿拉莫组( Ojo Alamo Formation) 晚白垩紀马斯特里赫特期 Maastrichtian
69 長鬃矛神龍 Ubirajara jubatus SMNK PAL 29241 2020[92] 沿尾部和背部排列的鬃毛状原羽及肩部从体侧突出的15厘米长的丝带状外皮结构 巴西塞阿拉州克拉圖組(Crato Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階 Aptian, Early Cretaceous 為克拉圖組發現的第一個非鳥類恐龍
70 王氏達斡爾龍 Daurlong wangi IMMNH-PV00731 2022[93] 在頭骨後部到頸部、尾部邊緣保存了羽毛痕跡 中國內蒙古龙江组(Longjiang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous

未定种、未正式命名或描述的标本[编辑]

标本号 可能的屬、種 图示 发现羽毛时间 羽毛证据 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 AC 1/7 双脊龙科相似种 cf. Dilophosauridae ? 1997[94][95] 异足龙足迹 Anomoepus,可能是一个兽脚类恐龙的休息迹,包括足印和跗骨印记,在足迹后方有一个耻骨印记。印迹上有类似毛发的一些印痕,这些毛发应该位于这只动物的大腿和腹部 美国南哈德利(South Hadley)康涅狄格河谷 早侏罗纪
2 GMV 2124 疑似中華龍鳥未定种 Sinosauropteryx? sp. 1997[96][97][98] 全身絲狀結構羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
3 IVPP V12430 尾羽龍未定种 Caudipteryx sp. 2000[17] 前肢尾巴对称羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixtan Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
4 NGMC 91(“Dave”) 小盜龍亞科未定种 Microraptorinae 2001[99] 全身絲狀羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
5 fossil skin
Alan Detrich lab
?霸王龍 Tyrannosaurus rex 2001[100] 皮肤化石,无鳞片,有类似鸡皮疙瘩的突起,推测长有羽毛 北美洲 晚白垩纪晚馬斯垂克階 Late Maastrichtian
6 SMF R 4970 *鸚鵡嘴龍未定种 Psittacosaurus sp.
2002[101] 尾巴管狀刺毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
7 NGMC 00-12-A 中國鳥龍未定种 Sinornithosaurus sp. 2002[102] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
8 Wenya Museum
DNO: 087
未知小盗龙类 Microraptoria 2002[103] 全身羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
9 IVPP V13351
IVPP V13476
TNP00996
小盜龍未定种 Microraptor sp. 2003[104] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
10 IVPP V13477 馳龍科未定种 Dromaeosauridae gen. et sp. 2003[104] 全身絨羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
11 IVPP V11579 帝龍未定种 Dilong sp. 2004[39] 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀凡蓝今階晚期豪特里维階 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian
12 WDC-CSG-100,10th 始祖鳥未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. 2005[105] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 德國索倫霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) 晚侏羅紀早提通阶 Early Tithonian 瑟马普利斯標本 Thermopolis specimen
13 伤齿龙类? Troodontid 2006[106] 全身羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian
14 BHI #126717 “LANE” ?*三角龍未定种 Triceratops sp. 2008[107][108] 皮肤化石,背部尾部有突起痕迹,类似管狀刺毛 北美洲 晚白垩纪晚馬斯垂克階 Late Maastrichtian
15 STM1-1 華夏頜龍 Huaxiagnathus 2009[109][110] 全身絲狀結構羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
16 STM1-4 暴龍类? Tyrannosauroid 2009[109][110] 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
17 STM1-5 暴龍类 Tyrannosauroid 2010[111] 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
18 fossil skin,
University of Chicago
Paul Sereno lab
?霸王龍 Tyrannosaurus rex 2012[112] 皮肤化石,无鳞片痕迹,推测长有羽毛 北美洲 晚白垩纪晚馬斯垂克階 Late Maastrichtian
19 TMP 2007.20.4 ?埃德蒙顿似鳥龍 Ornithomimus edmontonicus鸸鹋龙未定相似种 D. sp. indet. 2012[65] 疑似羽茎瘤 加拿大埃德蒙頓地區 晚白堊紀馬斯垂克階 Maastrichtian
20 PVSJ 512 ?月亮谷始盗龙 Eoraptor lunensis 2013[113] 3-5节脊椎上有杂乱的丝状疑似毛发痕迹 阿根廷伊斯巨拉斯托组(Ischigualasto Formation) 晚三叠紀早卡尼階 Early Carnian
21 11th 始祖鳥未定种 Archaeopteryx sp.
2014[114] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 德國索倫霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) 晚侏羅紀早提通阶 Early Tithonian 奥特姆尔標本 Altmühl specimen
22 PIN,nos.5435/13
5435/14
5435/23a.b
5435/47
5435/48
5435/59a.b
* 棱齿龙属种未定 Hypsilophodontia indet. 2014[70] [71] 鳞片鬃毛印痕 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian
23 PMOL-AD00113 似尾羽龍未定种 Similicaudipteryx sp. 2014[115] 尾综骨 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufuotannd Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
24 YFGP-T5200 基干鳥翼類 basalmost Avialae 2014[116] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁髫髻山組 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
25 PMOL-AD00055 小盜龍亞科未定种 Microraptorinae 2015[117] 具有羽毛痕迹 中国辽宁建昌九佛堂组 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
26 UALVP 52531 似鳥龍未定种 Ornithomimus sp. 2015[118] 背部、腹侧、股骨远端、尾部上面有较短羽毛的印痕 加拿大阿尔伯塔省恐龙公园組(Dinosaur Park Formation) 上白垩统上坎潘阶 Upper Campanian 可能被归为塞氏似鸸鹋龙 Dromiceiomimus samueli
27 IVPP V13476 小盜龍亞科 Microraptorinae 2016[119] 尾部,下肢絲狀羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
28 DIP-V-15103 “Eva” 手盜龍類 Maniraptora 2016[120] 琥珀中的有羽毛尾部 缅甸北部克钦邦胡康河谷组(Hukawng Valley Formation) 中白垩统诺曼森阶 Albian-Cenomanian
29 STM-0-9、STM-0-114
STM-0-118、STM-0-125
STM-0-127、STM-0-132
STM-0-133、STM-0-144
STM-0-147
近鳥龍 Anchiornis 2017[121] 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着絨羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian
30 12th 始祖鳥 未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. 2018[122] 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 德國派恩滕组(Painten Formation) 晚侏羅紀提通阶 Early Tithonian 施哈普滕標本 Schamhaupten specimen

備註

某些鳥臀目恐龍(鸚鵡嘴龍天宇龍庫林達奔龍)與翼龍目的毛,與獸腳類恐龍的原始羽毛,可能是同源演化的結果,也有可能不是。[123][124]三角龍可能有獨特的皮膚結構。根據一個目前還沒有經過敘述的標本顯示,三角龍的身體可能覆蓋者類似鬃毛的結構,在这具化石的腹部鳞片类似于鳄鱼腹部的带状鳞片,背部和尾部皮肤上有一些拳头大的突起,中心部位有乳突状的结构,该结构类似于固定豪猪类的刚毛的结构,比较相似更原始的鸚鵡嘴龍的尾部毛状结构[107][108]。駝背昆卡獵龍的前肢有像羽莖瘤的結構,這是其他有羽毛恐龍也有的結構,羽莖瘤的結構簡單及空心,就像虛骨龍類及一些鳥臀目,如天宇龍鸚鵡嘴龍[125]


有一些物种有大量的有羽毛印痕的化石发现,许多化石还没有经过整理描述,在中国有许多博物馆及私人收藏家收藏有大量的此类化石,其中位于中国山东平邑县的天宇自然博物馆就收藏有有羽毛印痕的驰龙类标本400件左右,近鸟龙标本250件左右,热河鸟类100件左右。[110]


在一些最新的研究中认为,始祖鸟并不是鸟类,而是一种小型兽脚类恐龙。有一些研究指所有的始祖鸟標本都是屬於同一物種。[126]但是標本之間亦存在明顯的分別。就如慕尼黑、愛希施特、索倫霍芬及瑟馬普利斯標本就較倫敦、柏林及哈勒姆標本小或是更大型,有著不同的腳趾比例、更細長的鼻端、向前的牙齒排列及可能存在的胸骨。這些差別就像(或更大)現今不同種鳥類之間的差別。可是這些差別亦可以不同年齡作為解釋。2017年的一项研究认为第四件标本哈勒姆標本是一种近鸟类,并重新命名。2019年研究者将一件2017年发现第十三件前肢标本鉴定为鳥翼類新种。

  • 印石板始祖鸟Archaeopteryx lithographica 羽毛標本(HMN.Ab.100; BSP coll.) 后来作为所有标本的命名,馬克斯柏格標本(Opitsch coll.; Maxberg specimen; 3rd)、鸡翅標本(Burgermeister-Muller Museum coll.; chicken wing; 9th)
  • 大尾始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx macrura 伦敦標本(BMNH 37001; London specimen;1st)
  • 西门子古鸟 Archaeornis siemensii = 西门子始祖鸟Archaeopteryx siemensii 柏林標本(HMN MB. 1880/81; Berlin specimen; 2nd)
  • 反曲侏鸟 Jurapteryx recurva = 反曲始祖鸟Archaeopteryx recurva 爱希施泰特標本(JM SoS 2257; Eichstatt specimen; 5th)
  • 伟大乌禾尔龙 Wellnhoferia grandis 索伦霍芬標本(Burgermeister Muller Museum coll.; Solnhofen specimen; 6th)
  • 巴伐利亚始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx bavarica 慕尼黑標本(前称索伦霍芬AV標本)(BSP 1999 I 50; Munich specimen; Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein specimen; 7th)
  • 厚足奥斯特羅姆龍 Ostromia crassipes 哈勒姆標本(又稱泰勒斯標本)(TM 6928/29; Haarlem specimen; Teyler specimen; 4th)
  • 艾氏始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi 代廷標本(private coll.; Daiting specimen; 8th),相对于其他标本处于较新的地层
  • 普氏阿尔特穆尔鳥 Alcmonavis poeschli 米尔海姆標本(Mühlheim specimen; 13th)
  • 始祖鸟未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. 瑟马普利斯標本(WDC-CSG-100; Thermopolis specimen; 10th)、奥特姆尔標本(Altmühl specimen; 11th)、施哈普滕標本(Schamhaupten specimen; 12th)

初鸟类[编辑]

有几种有羽毛的初鸟类一般在一些讨论中被列为鸟类,但在另外一些讨论中也被列为恐龙

图示 标本号 发现羽毛时间 羽毛证据 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 原始熱河鳥 Jeholornis prima IVPP V13274
IVPP V13353
IVPP V13350
2002[127] 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
2 中華神州鳥 Shenzhouraptor sinensis
LPM 0193 2002[128] 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
3 東方吉祥鳥 Jixiangornis orientalis
CDPC-02-04-001 2002[129] 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian
4 粗颌大连鳥 Dalianraptor cuhe D2139 2005[130] 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
5 棕尾熱河鳥 Jeholornis palmapenis SDM 20090109.1/2 2011[131] 全身絨羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
6 熱河鳥未定种 Jeholornis sp. STM2-18、STM2-8
STM2-11、STM2-23
STM2-37、STM3-3
STM3-4、STM3-30
STM2-51
2013[132][133] 全身絨羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組 (Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
7 曲足熱河鳥 Jeholornis curvipes YFGP-yb2 2014[134] 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
8 原始福井鳥 Fukuipteryx prima FPDM-V-9769 2019[135] 尾綜骨 日本福井北谷層(Kitadani Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
9 長尾优雅鳥 Kompsornis longicaudus AGB-6997 2020[136] 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
10 直掌内蒙鸟 Neimengornis rectusmim IMMNH-PV00122 2021[137] 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 中国辽宁九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian
  • 热河鸟、神州鸟、吉祥鸟、优雅鸟、大连鸟可以归为热河鸟形类(Jeholornithiformes),这些物种的形态比较接近,大小与形态同金凤鸟中国鸟龙小盗龙耀龙近鸟龙也比较接近,热河鸟与神州鸟被认为是同一物种,也有人认为吉祥鸟也是同一物种,但是认同的不多,也有人认为大连鸟也是一种热河鸟。

单独发现的羽毛化石[编辑]

图示 标本号 发现时间 发现地点 地层年代 备注
1 印石板始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx lithographica
HMN.Ab.100 1861[1] 德国下松霍芬砂岩(Upper Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone) 晚侏羅世提通期早期
2 薩雷苏白堊小鳥 Cretaaviculus sarysuensis 羽毛标本 1969[138] 哈萨克斯坦博斯托贝组(Bostobe Formation) 晚白堊世桑托期
3 沙氏前鳥英语Praeornis Praeornis sharovi PIN 2585/32
ZPAL V 32/967
1978[139][140] 哈萨克斯坦巴拉班赛组(Balabansai Formation) 侏羅紀中晚期, 卡洛夫期-啟莫里期
4 維氏萊里達羽鳥英语Ilerdopteryx Ilerdopteryx viai LP-715 IEI
LP-1327 IEI
LP IEI coll.
seven body feathers
1985[141] 西班牙La Pedrera de Rubies Lithographic Limestones Formation 早白堊世,貝里亞期-巴列姆期

參考資料[编辑]

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