List of slave traders of the United States
This is a list of slave traders of the United States, people whose occupation or business was the slave trade in the United States, i.e. the buying and selling of human chattel as commodities, primarily African-American people in the Southern United States, from the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 until the defeat of the Confederate States of America in 1865.
The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves was passed in 1808 under the so-called Star-Spangled Banner flag, when there were 15 states in the Union, closing the transatlantic slave trade and setting the stage for the interstate slave trade in the U.S. Over 50 years later, in 1865, the last American slave sale was made somewhere in the rebel Confederacy.[3] In the intervening years, the politics surrounding the addition of 20 new states to the Union had been almost overwhelmingly dominated by whether or not those states would have legal slavery.[4]
Slavery was widespread, so slave trading was widespread, and "When a planter died, failed in business, divided his estate, needed ready money to satisfy a mortgage or pay a gambling debt, or desired to get rid of an unruly Negro, traders struck a profitable bargain."[5] A slave trader might have described himself as a broker, auctioneer, general agent, or commission merchant,[6] and often sold real estate, personal property, and livestock in addition to enslaved people.[7] Many large trading firms also had field agents, whose job it was to go to more remote towns and rural areas, buying up enslaved people for resale elsewhere.[3] Field agents stood lower in the hierarchy, and are generally poorly studied, in part due to lack of records, but field agents for Austin Woolfolk, for example, "served only a year or two at best and usually on a part-time basis. No fortunes were to be made as local agents."[8] On the other end of the financial spectrum from the agents were the investors—usually wealthy planters like David Burford,[9] John Springs III,[10] and Chief Justice John Marshall[11]—who fronted cash to slave speculators. They did not escort coffles or run auctions themselves, but they did parlay their enslaving expertise into profits. Also, especially in the first quarter of the 19th century, cotton factors, banks, and shipping companies did a great deal of slave trading business as part of what might be called the "vertical integration" of cotton and sugar industries.
Countless slaves were also sold at courthouse auctions by county sheriffs and U.S. marshals to satisfy court judgments, settle estates, and to "cover jail fees"; individuals involved in those sales are not the primary focus of this list. People who dealt in enslaved indigenous persons, such as was the case with slavery in California, would be included. Slave smuggling took advantage of international and tribal boundaries to traffic slaves into the United States from Spanish North American and Caribbean colonies, and across the lands of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muskogee, Seminole, et al., but American-born or naturalized smugglers, Indigenous slave traders, and any American buyers of smuggled slaves would be included.
Note: Research by Michael Tadman has found that "'core' sources provide only a basic skeleton of a much more substantial trade" in enslaved people throughout the South, with particular deficits in records of rural slave trading, already wealthy people who speculated to grow their wealth further, and in all private sales that occurred outside auction houses and negro marts.[10] This list represents a fraction of the "many hundreds of participants in a cruel and omnipresent" American market.[12]
List is organized by surname of trader, or name of firm, where principals have not been further identified.
Note: Charleston and Charles Town, Virginia are distinct places that later became Charleston, West Virginia, and Charles Town, West Virginia, respectively, and neither is to be confused with Charleston, South Carolina.
We must have a market for human flesh, or we are ruined.
— Frederick Douglass, on the predominant message from the Southern states to the U.S. government before the American Civil War, The Frederick Douglass Papers, vol. II, p. 405
A
[edit]- Anderson D. Abraham, Buckingham Co., Va.[16]
- Robert S. Adams, Aberdeen, Miss.[17]
- Adkin & Boikin, Virginia[18]
- Thomas Alexander, Charleston, S.C.[19]
- Dr. James Alston, North Carolina[20]
- Samuel Alsop, Fredericksburg[21]
- Anderson, Alabama[22]
- David Anderson, Kentucky[23] and Baltimore (?)[24]
- John W. Anderson, Mason Co., Ky.[25] and Natchez[26][27]
- James Andrews, New Orleans[28]
- Andrews & Hatcher, New Orleans[29]
- Henry Andrius, New Orleans[30]
- George W. Apperson[31]
- John Armfield[32]
- Francis Arnolds, Carolinas[33]
- Jordan Arterburn and Tarlton Arterburn, Louisville, Ky.[34]
- Britton Atkins, Blountsville and Montgomery, Ala.[35]
- Austin, Georgia[36]
- George Austin, Charleston, S.C.[37]
- Lewis L. Austin[38]
- Robert Austin, Charleston, S.C.[19]
- David Avery, Alabama[39]
- A. K. Ayer, Columbus, Ga.[40]
B
[edit]- Thomas Bagby, Macon, Ga.[41]
- William K. Bagby, Atlanta, Ga.[42]
- Baget & King, North Carolina[43]
- J. Russell Baker, Charleston, S.C.[19]
- Robert M. Balch, Memphis[44]
- Rice C. Ballard, Richmond[45]
- William Ballard[46]
- Richard Balton[47] or Bolton[48]
- E. Barnard[49]
- Barnard & Howard, Montgomery, Ala.[50]
- Barrum, Virginia and Mississippi[51]
- Reuben Bartlett, St. Louis, Mo.[52] and Nashville[53]
- Bates, Virginia and Mobile, Ala.[54]
- Kinchen Battoe, Kentucky[55]
- George Richard Beard[31]
- J. A. Beard & May, New Orleans[56][57]
- Joseph A. Beard[58]
- Beard and Calhoun[59]
- Bearly & Robert[60]
- Richard Renard Beasley[31]
- Robert Beasley, Macon, Ga.[61]
- Bebee, Atlanta, Ga.[62]
- William Beck, Glasgow, Ky.[63]
- George W. Behn[31]
- Samuel Bennett, Natchez[26]
- Bennett & Rhett, Charleston, S.C.[19]
- William Betts, Richmond[64][65]
- Betts & Cochran, Richmond[66]
- Betts & Gregory, Richmond[3]
- Beverly[67]
- William Biggs & Lyman Harding, Natchez[68]
- James H. Birch, District of Columbia and Alexandria, Va.[69][a]
- Richard Chambers Bishop[31]
- C. J. Blackman, Yazoo City, Miss.[71]
- Blackwell, Murphy & Ferguson, Forks of the Road, Natchez, Miss.[60]
- James G. Blakey[21]
- Joseph G. Blakey[72]
- Blakely, Virginia[73]
- Blount & Dawson, Savannah[74]
- J. W. Boazman, New Orleans[75][30]
- Bolton, Dickens & Co.[76]
- Robert Booth, Richmond and Alabama[77]
- Botts[78]
- Thomas Boudar, New Orleans[79][31]
- J. E. Bowers, Charleston, S.C.[19]
- Boyce, Kentucky[80]
- Boyce, near Frankfort, Ky.[81]
- Robert Boyce[31]
- Boyce, Hamburg and Charleston, S.C.[82]
- William L. Boyd Jr., Nashville[83]
- Dr. Brady, Hopkinsville, Ky.[84]
- C. C. Bragg, Charles Town, Va.[b][85]
- Robert B. Brashear, Salem, Va.[86] and Alexandria, Va.[87]
- Richard Brenan[31]
- Elijah Brittingham, Virginia and New Orleans[88]
- Thack Brodnax[89]
- Henry Brooks, Georgia[90]
- S. N. Brown & Co., Montgomery, Ala.[91][50][92]
- Brown & Taylor, Missouri and Vicksburg, Miss.[93][94]
- Brown & Watson, Montgomery, Ala.[95]
- Browning, Moore & Co., Richmond[3]
- Joseph Bruin, Alexandria, Va.[96]
- Alexander Bryan, Savannah[97]
- Joseph Bryan, Savannah[74]
- Buchanan, Carroll & Co., New Orleans[98]
- John L. Buck, Natchez, Miss.[99][100]
- J. Buddy, New Orleans[101]
- S. E. Buford, Jefferson City, La.[30]
- Zachariah Bugg[31]
- Redmond Bunn, Macon, Ga.[102]
- Willie Burrows, Virginia?[103]
The old slave-woman who took care of me during my sickness, by way of consolation, gave me as much information as she could about my mother's being taken away. She told me that a slave-dealer drove to the door in a buggy, and my mother was sent for to come into the house; when, getting inside, she was knocked down, tied, and thrown into the buggy, and carried away. As the old woman related these things to me, I felt as if all hope was gone; that I was forsaken and alone in this world.[104]
C
[edit]- Joseph Caldwell, Virginia[105]
- Bernard M. Campbell, Walter L. Campbell, and relations, Baltimore[106] and New Orleans,[107]
- Capers & Heyward, Charleston, S.C.[19][108]
- Charles Carson & Smith, Burke Co., N.C. and New Orleans[109]
- John Carter and Jesse Carter, Virginia[110]
- Joshua Cates, Christian County, Ky.[111]
- William Cavendish, New Orleans
- Leon Chabert, Louisiana[31][23]
- Col. Benjamin Chambers, Baltimore[112]
- John W. Chrisp, Memphis[113][44]
- John Clark, Louisville, Ky.[34][114][115][116][117]
- Robert M. Clarke, Atlanta, Ga.[118][119][120]
- Amaziah Cobb, Georgia[121]
- James G. Cobb, Alexandria, Va.[122]
- John Cocks, Point Coupee, La.[110]
- Joseph Coffman[31]
- Levi and Solomon Cohen, Atlanta, Ga.[118][123]
- Edward Collier[124]
- Lewis A. Collier, Richmond, Va. and Natchez, Miss.[125][126][127]
- Asa Collins, Lexington, Ky.[128]
- A. B. Colwell, Lexington, Ky.[129]
- Mr. Cooper, Kentucky[130]
- J. Cooper, Natchez-under-the-Hill, Miss.[131]
- James Cooper, Montgomery, Ala.[132]
- Joseph M. Cooper, Macon, Ga.[61][133]
- Richard Cooper[31]
- William Cooper, Alabama[134]
- W. S. Cothron, Floyd, Ga.[135]
- Cotton & Wakefield[136][137]
- Crawford, Frazer & Co., Atlanta, Ga., principals Robert Crawford, Addison D. Frazer, and Thomas Lafayette Frazer[118]
- Elihu Creswell, New Orleans[138]
- William Crow, Charles Town, Va.[139][96]
- Seraphin Cuculla, New Orleans[31]
- David Currie, Richmond[98]
D–F
[edit]- John P. Darg, New Orleans[140]
- Davis, Petersburg, Va.[141]
- Ansley Davis, Petersburg, Va.[125][10]
- George Davis, Maryland[142]
- Hector Davis, Richmond[143][144]
- John B. Davis, Richmond[65]
- Mark Davis and Benjamin Davis, Richmond and New Orleans[79]
- R. H. Davis, Virginia[145]
- Solomon Davis, Richmond[146][65][10]
- W. C. Davis, Louisville, Ky.[147]
- Davis, Deupree & Co., Richmond[3][148][149]
- Samuel J. Dawson, Natchez,[150] Washington, D.C. and Alabama[151]
- John N. Denning, Baltimore[5][155][156]
- Green Dennis, Mobile, Alabama[157]
- Denton and Thornton, Richmond[104]
- Charles de Gaalon[31]
- William Deupree, Richmond
- Deupree & Williams, Greensboro, Ala.[158]
- Louis D. DeSaussure, Charleston[159]
- Dickson, New Orleans and Mississippi[51]
- Dickinson & Hill, Virginia[160][107]
- Richard H. Dickinson, Richmond[160][161][162]
- C. W. Diggs[31]
- James B. Diggs[31]
- Joseph S. Donovan, Baltimore[163][164][165][166][156]
- Jilson Dove, Washington, D.C. and Montgomery County, Maryland[167][168]
- James Dowell, Virginia[169]
- Downing & Hughes, Kentucky[170]
- Dryer[171]
- James Dunahow[172]
- William Dunbar, Mississippi[173]
- Dupree[174]
- Dyer family, District of Columbia[70]
- Eaton, New Orleans[175]
- Benjamin C. Eaton[31][176]
- Simeon G. Eddins and brothers, Fayetteville, Tenn.[177][178][179]
- Alexander N. Edmonds, Memphis[180]
- R. H. Elam, New Orleans[30] and Forks of the Road, Natchez, Miss.[181]
- W. Ellis, South Carolina[182]
- English, North Carolina and Mississippi[183]
- Joseph Ennells, Pennsylvania[184]
- Joseph Erwin, John Erwin, Abraham Wright, and Billings,[185][186] and Joseph Thompson, possibly Samuel Spraggins, Tennessee and Louisiana[187]
- Henry Fairbanks, Baltimore[164]
- Ben Farley, New Orleans[188]
- R. C. Faulkner, Mississippi [189]
- Elias Ferguson, North Carolina[190][191]
- Robert W. Fenwick, Washington, D.C.[192]
- John Ferman, Alabama[193]
- James L. Ficklin, Charleston, Va.[96]
- Obadiah Fields, North Carolina[194]
- Fields & Gresham, Atlanta, Ga.[118]
- Hugh Fisher, Louisiana[195]
- David Fitzpatrick, Vicksburg, Miss.[196]
- John D. Fondren, Mississippi[197][93]
- Samuel R. Fondren, Richmond[65][198]
- Ford, Kentucky, Mississippi, and New Orleans[199][51]
- Nathan Bedford Forrest, John N. Forrest, Aaron H. Forrest, William H. Forrest, Jesse A. Forrest, and Jeffrey E. Forrest, Memphis, and Grenada and Vicksburg, Miss.[200][201]
- H. Forsyth, Statesville, N.C.[202]
- John W. Forward[10]
- Thomas Foster, New Orleans[30][203]
- Mass or Marcy Fountain, Maryland[204] and Delaware[205]
- Isaac Franklin, New Orleans[32]
- James Rawlings Franklin[206]
- Captain Frazier[184]
- John Freeman, New Orleans[207]
- Theophilus Freeman, New Orleans[208]
- Thomas J. Frisby, New Orleans[209]
- Mr. Fry, Delaware[210]
G
[edit]- Thomas Norman Gadsden, Charleston[211]
- Benjamin Gaines, Alabama[132]
- Mr. Gaines (or Gains or Goins)[212][213]
- Galbert, Texas[214]
- Lewis Garland, North Carolina[215]
- Matthew Garrison, Louisville, Ky.[114][216]
- J. C. Gentry, Louisville, Ky.[217]
- John M. Gilchrist, Charleston[218][31]
- John Gildersleeves, New Bern, N.C.[219]
- William Gillesbey, North Carolina and Mississippi[51]
- Alexander Gilliam, Richmond[220]
- C. E. Girardey & Co., New Orleans[221][222]
- James Gladiss, North Carolina[223]
- T. Glen, Huntsville, Ala.[224]
- William Glover, Elizabeth City, North Carolina[225]
- Thomas Golden, Fairfax, Va.[226]
- John Goodin, Randolph County, Ala.[227]
- John Gordon, Alabama[135]
- Gordan or Gordon, Maryland and Mississippi[228]
- Thomas Goude[229]
- Grady & Tate, Richmond, Va.[124]
- James Grant, New Orleans[230]
- Hinton Graves, Georgia[77]
- William Green[231]
- Griffin & Pullum, Natchez, Miss.,[232] principals Pierce Griffin, W. A. Pullum, A. Blackwell, F. G. Murphy[233]
- George Griffin, Georgia[234]
- S. H. Griffin, Atlanta[123]
- William H Griggs, Virginia[235]
- Lewis K. Grigsby, Natchez, Miss.[26]
- Andrew Grimm[21]
- E. Guyton, Baltimore[167]
- W. H. Gwin, St. Louis and Virginia[236]
H
[edit]- John Hagan and family, South Carolina[237] and New Orleans[238]
- Henry C. Halcomb, Atlanta, Ga.[42]
- O. R. Haley, Mississippi[239]
- Frederick A. Hall, Mobile, Ala.[240][241]
- William W. Hall, Norfolk, Va.[242]
- Thomas Hanly, Halifax Co., Va.[243]
- Benjamin Hansford, Natchez[26]
- Giles Harding, Natchez[244]
- Jonathan Harding, Sumner Co., Tennessee, and Natchez[245]
- James B. Hargrove,[246] E. P. Aistrop, & N. A. Mitchell, Lynchburg, Va.[247]
- William Harker, Baltimore[248] and Dorchester, Md.[249]
- G. C. Harness, Potomac River and Natchez[250]
- William L. Harper, Virginia and Jefferson County, Miss.[251]
- Harris, Alabama[252]
- Harris, Virginia[253]
- Benjamin J. Harris, Richmond, Va.[254]
- George Harris, Georgia[255]
- John Harris, Kentucky and possibly kidnapping in Richmond, Indiana[256]
- John F. Harris, Natchez[26]
- O. C. and S. Y. Harris, Upper Marlboro, Md.[257]
- Harrison, Washington County, Ky.[258]: 110
- Charles S. Harrison, Columbus, Ga.[259][40]
- Mason Harwell, Montgomery, Ala.[260]
- C. F. Hatcher, New Orleans[107]
- J. T. Hatcher, New Orleans[261][64]: 49
- E. S. Hawkins, Nashville[262]
- John Hawkins, Virginia & Robert Hawkins, Mississippi[263]
- William Hawkins[264]
- Henry H. Haynes, Nashville[265][266]
- W. H. Henderson, Atlanta, Ga.[118]
- Peter Herndon, Monroe Co., Miss.[267]
- Herring, Vicksburg, Miss.[60]
- W. C. Hewitt, Macon, Ga.[268]
- Hewlett & Bright, New Orleans[269]
- Julius Hich, Alabama[270]
- Byrd Hill, Memphis[76] & William C. Hill, Memphis[271]
- Charles Hill, Richmond[65]
- Nathaniel Boush Hill[272] and Charles B. Hill, Richmond[160][107]
- Hill & Hartwell, Montgomery, Ala.[95]
- Hill & Powell, Memphis[180]
- G. H. Hitchings, Nashville[262][265]
- Samuel Hite, New Orleans[273]
- Edward Home, Alexandria, Va.[86]
- Judge Houston, Hopkinsville, Ky.[84]
- James Huie & Robert Huie[31]
- James Huie and Josiah Huie, Rowan County, North Carolina[274][275]
- J. Hull[12]
- John W. Hundley, Natchez, Miss.[276]
- Thomas Hundley, Halifax Co. Va. and New Orleans[277]
- Alex. Hunter, Natchez[278]
- Pleasant Hunter, Natchez, Miss.[279]
- Tillman Hunt[280]
- William Hunt[31]
- Foster Hurst, New Orleans[281]
- John S. Hutcherson, Georgetown, D.C.[282]
I–J
[edit]- Inman, Cole & Co., Atlanta, Ga.[118]
- C. S. Irvine, Greenville District, S.C.[10]
- O. B. Irvine, Greenville District, S.C.[10]
- Barnabas Ivy, Duplin Co., N.C.[35][283]
- Andrew Jackson, Bruinsburg, Natchez District, Spanish West Florida (later Mississippi Territory)[284][285]
- Waddy I. Jackson, Alabama[54]
- John D. James, Natchez, Miss.[286]
- Thomas James[31]
- Thomas D. James, Natchez, Miss.[286]
- Thomas G. James, Nashville[287]
- Isaac Jarratt, Huntsville, Ala.[288][289][224]
- William Jenkins, Nashville[290]
- Thomas J. Jennings & Co., Hamburg, S.C.[291]
- James Jervey, Charleston[292]
- Johnson & Apperson[293]
- John L. Johnson, Washington, D.C.[294]
- Joseph Johnson, Ebenezer Johnson & Patty Cannon, Northwest Fork Hundred, Delaware[295][296]
- Richard Johnson & Jesse Meek, Tennessee and Forks of the Road[297]
- Sherman Johnson, New Orleans[298][98]
- William Johnson, St. Louis, Mo.[290][299]
- Theodore Johnston, New Orleans[30]
- A. E. Jones, Talbott County, Md.[23]
- Leroy Jones, Alexandria, Va.[300]
- S. S. Jones, De Soto, Miss.[201]
- Jones & Robinson, Georgia[301]
- Jones & Slater, Richmond, Va.[145]
K–L
[edit]- George T. Kausler, New Orleans[176]
- William H. Kelly, Louisville, Ky.[217][302][34][303]
- James Kelly, Kentucky[51]
- James Kemp[304]
- Benjamin Kendig, New Orleans[305]
- Bernard Kendig, New Orleans[306][307][308]
- Edward J. Kendrick[31]
- Duncan F. Kenner, New Orleans[309]
- George Kephart, Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia[72]
- Simon Kern, Richmond[310]
- Jesse Kirby and John Kirby, Virginia and Georgia[311]
- Moses Kirkpatrick, New Orleans[312]
- William P. Lacey, Natchez[313]
- Charles Lamarque, New Orleans[314]
- John Lane, Virginia and South Carolina[315][316]
- Major Lane, New Orleans[317]
- Tedence Lane, Mississippi[318]
- Henry Laurens, Charleston, S.C.[37]
- Lavon & Foster, Montgomery, Ala.[319]
- N. M. Lee, Virginia[320]
- E. P. Legg, District of Columbia[321]
- Legg & Williams, Annapolis, Md.[322]
- Laferriere Levesque[31]
- Mr. Leake, Virginia[323]
- J. & L. T. Levin, Columbia, S.C.[324]
- Lillard & Slaughter, Mississippi[325]
- A. Lilly, New Orleans[30]
- Benjamin Little,[326][29] Montgomery Little,[327][328] Chauncey Little & William Little, Memphis and Shelbyville, Tenn.[76][329][265]
- L. Linder, New Orleans[330]
- John W. Lindsey, Montgomery, Ala.[95]
- Livingston, Hanna & Co., Vicksburg, Miss.[331]
- William Locket, New Orleans[30]
- E. Loftin, New Orleans[30]
- B. F. Logan, Caddo, La. [135]
- Charles Logan[10]
- Henry Long, Person Co., N. C.[332]
- R. W. Long, New Orleans[30][333]
- R. W. Long & Mull[31]
- Lowe & Simmons, Columbus, Ga.[334]
- Robert Lumpkin, Richmond[143]
- Lumpkin & Jones[335]
- Lumpkin & Locket[293]
- Robert Lyle & George W. Hitching, Nashville and Sumner Co., Tenn.[329][265]
- Bernard M. Lynch, St. Louis[336][337][338]
M, Mc
[edit]- Maddock, Tennessee[340]
- Maffitt, Mississippi[341]
- Thomas Magruder, Washington, D.C.[342]
- John D. Mallory, Virginia and eastern Mississippi[318]
- Manor, Alabama[283]
- Josiah Maples, Memphis[200]
- Silas Marshall & Bro., Lexington, Ky.[343]
- John Martin[344]
- W. B. Martin, New Orleans[30]
- Masi & Bourk, New Orleans[98]
- Mason & Howard, Montgomery, Ala.[50]
- John Mason, Natchez, Miss.[60]
- Mathews, New Orleans[345]
- James G. Mathews, Louisville, Ky.[170]
- Thomas E. Matthews, New Orleans[30]
- Matthews, Branton & Co., Natchez, Miss.[181]
- John Mattingly, Louisville, Ky.[34] and St. Louis, Mo.[337][338]
- Jean Baptiste Moussier, Richmond and New Orleans[346]
- Mayer, Jacobe, & Co., Atlanta[123]
- A. B. McAfee, St. Louis, Mo.[52]
- McAfee & Blakey, St. Louis[347][348]
- J. A. McArthur, Clinton, N.C.[349]
- Michael McBride[31]
- F. McCann, Hagerstown, Md.[350]
- Thomas McCargo[351][31]
- McCerran, Landry & Co., New Orleans[352]
- John McCleskey, Mobile, Ala.[353]
- Mr. McClinton, Richmond[354]
- David McDaniel, Virginia[145] and Macon, Ga.[355]
- H. J. McDaniel, Winchester, Va.[96]
- James McDonald, South Cadid
- McDonald, Virginia and Georgia[356]
- Alexander McDonald[10][31] and Hugh McDonald,[64] Charleston
- Elijah McDowell, Charles Town, Va.[85] and Winchester, Va.[16]
- William McGee[357]
- John M. McGehee & Thomas McGehee[31]
- McLanahan and Bogart, New Orleans (principals: James McLanahan and Wilhelmus Bogart)[358]
- A. A. McLean, Nashville[249]
- J. B. McLendon, Lynchburg, Va.[359][360]
- John McKane, North Carolina and Alabama[361]
- D. McKay, North Carolina[362]
- J. M. McKee, Girard, Ala.[363]
- McKeller, Virginia or North Carolina?[364]
- James McMillin, Kentucky[365][366]
- N. A. McNairy, Nashville and Natchez[367]
- Joseph Meek, Nashville[368][369]
- Meinhard brothers, Savannah[74]
- R. H. Melton, Richmond[370] and Louisiana[371]
- C. A. & I. S. Merrill, Mississippi[197]
- L. D. Merrimon, also Merrimon & Clinkscales, Greenwood, S.C.[372][373]
- William H. Merritt, New Orleans[374]
- D. Middleton, New Orleans[375]
- Thomas Milburn, Washington, D.C.[294]
- Miller and Sutler[376]
- Louis Miller & Co., Natchez, Miss.[377]
- James S. Moffett, Troy, Tenn.[180]
- John S. Montmollin, Savannah[97]
- Benjamin Mordecai[31]
- Henry E. Moore, Plaquemine, Louisiana[378]
- James Moore, Virginia and Alabama[379]
- Peter Moore, Virginia[380]
- William Moore, Carolinas[381]
- Moore & Dawson, Richmond[3]
- James T. Morris, Wilmington, N.C.[382]
- Arthur Mosely, Virginia and Mississippi[51]
- J. F. Moses, Lumpkin, Ga.[383]
- Mullinnac[384]
- Myers & Thomas, Columbus, Ga.[385]
N–P
[edit]- Thomas Napier, Macon, Ga.[61]
- Mr. Nash, Caswell or Rockingham County, N.C.[386]
- Joseph W. Neal, District of Columbia[387][70]
- Alexander Nelson, Guilford County, N.C.[388]
- Nelson & Cobb, South Carolina[389]
- Isaac Neville, Memphis[153][76]
- Julian Neville, New Orleans[352]
- James Nichols, Halifax County, Va.[243]
- George Nixon, Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama[390]
- G. H. Noel, Macon, Ga.[61]
- George N. Noel, Memphis[76]
- James G. Noel, Macon, Ga.[41]
- Ziba B. Oakes, Charleston[391]
- William Oldham, Natchez[26]
- A. C. Omohundro & Co., Mississippi[318]
- Silas Omohundro, Richmond[143][21]
- A. J. Orr and D. W. Orr, Macon, Ga.[392]
- Thomas Otey[236]
- Overly & Saunders, Petersburg, Va.[125]
- Abraham Owens, Halifax County, Va.[243]
- Owings & Charles, New Orleans[393][394]
- Benjamin Parks[21]
- Parker, Vicksburg, Miss.[395]
- Edward A. Parker, Macon, Ga.[396]
- James Parker, Dinwiddie County, Va.[397]
- P. Pascal, Natchez[26]
- Paul Pascal[31]
- Peck, Washington County, Ky.[398]
- J. C. Peixotto, New Orleans[330]
- Archibald Perkins, Virginia[399]
- Everett Peterson, Clinton, N.C.[400]
- Henry F. Peterson, New Orleans[30][401][290][402]
- John Parker Pettiway, New Orleans[307][308]
- R. A. Peuyeur, Natchez[26]
- Peyton, Mason & Co., Mississippi [403]
- Isaac Phillips[404]
- John P. Phillips, Natchez[405][406]
- W. R. Phillips, Macon, Ga.[61]
- G. B. Philippe[31]
- George I. Pitts, Columbus, Ga.[259]
- John J. Poindexter, New Orleans[327][328]
- Thomas B. Poindexter, New Orleans and Mississippi[407]
- Ephraim G. Ponder, Thomasville, Ga.[408]
- P. J. Porcher & Baya, Charleston[409][410] (Philip Johnston Porcher[411] & Hanero T. Baya[412])
- Powell & Co., Montgomery, Ala.[50]
- A. S. C. Powell, Clinton, N.C.[400]
- Benjamin Ward Powell, Natchez, Miss.,[413][414] Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[415]
- Luke Powell, Clinton, N.C.[416]
- Thomas A. Powell, Louisville, Ky.[34][217][303] and Montgomery, Ala.[417][418] and St. Louis,[419] and New Orleans
- John B. Prentis, Virginia[143]
- Price, Birch & Co., Alexandria, Va., principals J. C. Cook, Charles M. Price, George Kephart, William H. Birch[420]
- William Price, Cumberland County, Virginia, and Mississippi[421]
- Pryor[422]
- William A. Pullum, Lexington, Ky.[423][170]
- D. M. Pullium, Richmond, Va.[3][16]
- Pullium & Co., Virginia[236]
- James Franklin Purvis (and Isaac F. Purvis), Baltimore[72][156][31]
- Alexander Puryear[31]
- R. C. Puryear[288]
- Alexander Putney, North Carolina and Mississippi[424][51]
R
[edit]- Ragland, Mobile, Ala.[426]
- Reuben Ragland, Petersburg, Va.[236]
- Bernard Raux, Virginia[427]
- R. D. P. Read, Lynchburg, Va.[428]
- Redford and Kelly, Kentucky[351]
- Redman, Noxubee County, Mississippi[429]
- Thomas Redman[430]
- Reynolds, Louisville, Ky.[431]
- Reynolds, Byrne, & Co., New Orleans[432]
- Jesse Rice, Virginia[433]
- Zachariah A. Rice, Atlanta, Ga.[434]
- William H. Richards, Washington, D.C.[435]
- John S. Riggs, Charleston[10][436]
- Tench Ringold, Washington, D.C.[437]
- William Rochel, Virginia and Natchez[438]
- Alfred O. Robards, Kentucky[366]
- Lewis C. Robards, Lexington, Ky.[34]
- Robe & Anderson, Alabama[439]
- Roberson, Maryland and South Carolina[440]
- George Robertson and John Robertson, Virginia and New Orleans[441]
- John Robertson, Mississippi and either New Orleans or Mobile[51]
- William H. Robertson, Mobile, Ala.[442]
- John Edward Robey, Washington, D.C.[443][294]
- Washington Robey, Washington, D.C.[444][445]
- Robinson, South Carolina and Georgia[446]
- John Robinson, Georgia[301]
- Col. Allen Rogers, Wake, N.C.[5]
- Noah Rollins[447]
- Richard Rolton[448]
- David Ross, Louisville, Ky.[449]
- Rowan & Harris, Mississippi[450][318]
- George Rust Jr.[31]
- C. M. Rutherford, New Orleans[30][72]
- E. M. Rutherford[31]
- A. J. Rux, Alabama[451]
- Thomas Ryan, Charleston[10][218]
Ladies, ain't you sorry!
Packet sails to-morrow,
Sails to Looisiana.
Ladies, ain't you sorry!
See, de trader got me!
Ladies, fare you well.— "Contraband Songs," 1865[452]
S
[edit]- A. J. Salinas, Charleston[10]
- Sanders & Foster[453]
- Thomas Sanders, Washington County, Virginia, and Mississippi[51]
- Jourdan M. Saunders, Warrenton, Va.[454][206]
- A. C. Scott, Louisville, Ky.[217]
- David Scott[231]
- Lewis Scott, Baltimore[455]
- A. K. Seago, Atlanta, Ga.[118]
- John R. Sedgwick, North Carolina[236]
- Joseph Semmes, Georgetown, D.C.[456]
- Sharp, Montgomery, Ala.[457]
- J. M. E. Sharp, Columbia, S.C.[458]
- J. M. F. Sharp, New Orleans[375]
- J. W. Sharp, New Orleans[459]
- Lewis N. Shelton[31]
- Shivers, of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia[460]
- Simmons, Virginia and Georgia[461]
- William Simpson, North Carolina[462]
- R. W. Sinclair, Kentucky[463]
- Henry F. Slatter, Baltimore and New Orleans[464]
- Hope H. Slatter, Baltimore[464]
- Shadrack F. Slatter, New Orleans[465]
- Robert Slaughter, Natchez, Miss.[466]
- B. D. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.[118]
- Benjamin Smith, Charleston, S.C.[467]
- Gardner Smith & Co., New Orleans[468]
- John B. Smith, New Orleans[30]
- John W. Smith, Washington, D.C.[321]
- Thomas Jefferson Smith[31]
- David J. Southerland, Wilmington, N.C.[349]
- Samuel Spears[31]
- John Springs III, York District, S.C.[10]
- John Staples, Memphis[271]
- L. R. Starkes[72]
- Charles T. Stevens, Clinton, N.C.[400]
- John Stickney, Louisville, Ky.[217]
- E. H. Stokes, Virginia[469]
- Mr. Stokes, North Carolina and Mississippi[470]
- Edward Stone and Howard Stone, Bourbon County, Ky.[471]
- Samuel Stone, Danville, Va.[472]
- George Stovall, New Orleans[473]
- Pleasant Stovall, Augusta, Ga.[474]
- G. F. Stubbs, Macon, Ga.[61]
- A. A. Suarez[31]
- Sutler[376]
T–V
[edit]- John and Philip E. Tabb, Norfolk, Va.[476]
- Bacon Tait, Virginia[143]
- Tait & Garland, Virginia and Mississippi[477]
- M. Talbert, Liberty, Mo.[478]
- Talbot, New Orleans[479]
- William F. Talbott, Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[34][217][31][303][98]
- Tannehill, New Orleans[345]
- Belthazer Tardy, Mobile, Ala.[480]
- H. & J. W. Taylor, Clinton, La.[481]
- J. T. Taylor, New Orleans[482]
- H. N. Templeman[10]
- Richard Terrell, Natchez[483] and New Orleans[484]
- Terry, Virginia[384]
- William Tisdale, North Carolina[485]
- Philip Thomas[288]
- Corbin Thompson, St. Louis, Mo.[337]
- Mr. Thompson, Baltimore and the lands of the Cherokee nation[486]
- Thomson, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Todd[487]
- John Toler[88]
- Tomkins, North Carolina[488]
- Clement Townsend[31]
- Townshend & Lewis, Mississippi[318]
- Thomas P. Trotter[47][48][448]
- N. C. Trowbridge, Augusta, Ga. & Hamburg, S.C.[489]
- Tom Tucker, Knoxville, Tenn.[490]
- Thomas Tunno and John Price, Charleston [491]
- Mr. Turner, Virginia[492]
- Urley, Mississippi[493]
- Vaughan, Virginia[494]
- Norbert Vignié, New Orleans[495]
W–Y
[edit]- Wadkins, Virginia and Georgia[496]
- Charles Waley, Potomac River and Natchez[250]
- Mat Warner, Virginia and Georgia[497]
- Benjamin W. Walker, Jackson, Miss.[277]
- Samuel Wakefield, Natchez[26]
- A. Wallace, Memphis[498]
- J. D. Ware, Memphis[113]
- Morton Waring, Charleston[292]
- William Watkins, Atlanta, Ga.[434]
- William T. Watkins[31]
- J. Watson, Louisville, Ky.[147]
- Richard Watson, Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[499]
- Webb, Merrill & Co., Nashville [265]
- A. Weisemann, New Orleans[30]
- Joseph A. Weatherly[10]
- Thomas C. Weatherly[10]
- Weatherly, Breden & Bagget, Yazoo City, Miss.[500]
- Weatherly and Donald, Alabama[501]
- Anderson West, Marion County, Ala.[502]
- Weatherby, Augusta, Ga.[503]
- Wetherby, Pigsah, Miss.[504]
- Wetherby, Prairie Bluff, Ala.[505]
- James Whidby[506]
- White, Lexington, Mo.[507][508]
- Alonzo J. White, Charleston
- James White, New Orleans[509]
- John White[510]
- John R. White, St. Louis and New Orleans[511]
- Maunsel White & Co., New Orleans[454]
- Joseph A. Whitaker, Rosehill, N.C.[5]
- Whitaker & Turner, Atlanta, Ga.[118]
- Whitfield, North Carolina[488]
- Moses J. Wicks, Aberdeen, Miss.[17]
- Wilbur & Son, Charleston[436]
- James P. Wilkinson[31]
- David Williams and "Docr. flowers" [512]
- Lewis E. Williams, Campbell Co., Va.[450]
- Thomas Williams, Washington, D.C.,[70][513][514] Virginia,[515] and Vidalia, Miss.[516][31]
- Williams H. Williams[31]
- Williams, Washington, D.C.[351]
- Williams & Glover, Nashville[517]
- Thomas Taylor Williamson, South Carolina and Louisiana[518]
- Williamson & Puryear, Montgomery, Ala.[95]
- James B. Williamson[31]
- William Williamson[31]
- J. M. Wilson, Baltimore and New Orleans[30][164]
- William Winbush, Virginia[20]
- Winfield, Mississippi[318]
- Winston & Dixon, Georgia[519]
- Lewis Winters, Baltimore[249]
- David Wise, New Orleans[203][520]
- William Witherspoon, Memphis[76][153]
- Joseph Woods[10]
- John Woodden, Virginia and Alabama[521]
- Seth Woodroof, Lynchburg, Va.[247][450][522]
- Austin Woolfolk, Baltimore[523]
- John Woolfolk, Natchez, Miss.[524][31]
- Joseph B. Woolfolk, Eastern Shore, Maryland, and Natchez[525][526]
- Samuel Martin Woolfolk, Baltimore, New Orleans, and Natchez[527][526]
- Woolfolk[528]
- Woolfolks, Sanders & Overley[5] (Richard Woolfolk, Robert Sanders, and Thomas W. Overley)[529]
- James Worth, Alabama[135]
- George Wylly, Savannah[373]
- Mr. Wythe[530]
- Absolom Yancey[31]
- Charles Yancey and Jackson Yancey, Norfolk, Va. and Oxford, N.C.[531]
- Mr. Yeatman, Virginia[532]
- C. A. Yeats, Port Tobacco, Md.[294]
- Charles Young, New Orleans[533]
- J. Winbush Young, Virginia[534]
It's old Van Horn, de nigger trader
Hilo! Hilo!
He sold his wife to buy a nigger
Hilo! Hilo!
He sold her first to Louisianner
Hilo! Hilo!
And den from dat to Alabammer
Hilo! Hilo!— said to be a fragment of a much longer "negro corn-shucking song," also called a working song or field holler; published 1859[535]
I never knew a slave-trader that did not seem to think, in his heart, that the trade was a bad one. I knew a great many of them, such as Neal, McAnn, Cobb, Stone, Pulliam, and Davis, &c. They were like Haley, they meant to repent when they got through.
See also
[edit]- List of largest slave sales in the United States
- Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
- Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
- Bibliography of the slave trade in the United States
- Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
Notes
[edit]- ^ Alexandria, District of Columbia was retroceded to Virginia in 1847. The slave trade was banned in Washington as part of the Compromise of 1850; traders moved their facilities across the Potomac River and went back to work.[70]
- ^ Charles Town, Virginia became Charles Town, West Virginia in 1863.
Citations
[edit]- ^ CAMP (1865). The Camp of Freedom. A Plea for the Coloured Freedman. Reprinted from the "Eclectic" for April, 1865. George Watson. p. 7.
- ^ Blassingame, John W. (1973). "Before the Ghetto: The Making of the Black Community in Savannah, Georgia, 1865-1880". Journal of Social History. 6 (4): 463–488. doi:10.1353/jsh/6.4.463. ISSN 0022-4529. JSTOR 3786511.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dew, Charles B. (2016). The making of a racist : a southerner reflects on family, history, and the slave trade. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 101–103, 117, 144 (last sale). ISBN 9780813938882. LCCN 2015043815.
- ^ Rothman, A. (April 1, 2009). "Slavery and National Expansion in the United States". OAH Magazine of History. 23 (2): 23–29. doi:10.1093/maghis/23.2.23. ISSN 0882-228X.
- ^ a b c d e Sherwin, Oscar (1945). "Trading in Negroes". Negro History Bulletin. 8 (7): 160–166. ISSN 0028-2529. JSTOR 44214396.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 96.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 125.
- ^ Calderhead (1977), p. 197.
- ^ Purcell, Aaron D. (2005). "A Spirit for speculation: David Burford, Antebellum Entrepreneur of Middle Tennessee". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 64 (2): 90–109. ISSN 0040-3261.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Tadman, Michael (1996). "The Hidden History of Slave Trading in Antebellum South Carolina: John Springs III and Other "Gentlemen Dealing in Slaves"". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 97 (1): 6–29. ISSN 0038-3082. JSTOR 27570133.
- ^ Westmoreland, Carl B. (2015). "Article 3: The John W. Anderson Slave Pen". Freedom Center Journal. 2015 (1). University of Cincinnati College of Law. ISSN 1942-5856.
- ^ a b Tadman, Michael (September 18, 2012). "Chapter 28. Internal Slave Trades". In Smith, Mark M.; Paquette, Robert L. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0029.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 48.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Letters of a Traveller, by William Cullen Bryant". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "The Ottawa Free Trader 08 Nov 1856, page Page 1". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ a b c Stowe (1853), p. 353.
- ^ a b Stowe (1853), p. 357.
- ^ "Ran away in Jail". Richmond Enquirer. May 5, 1820. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b c d e f Bancroft (2023), pp. 175–177.
- ^ a b "South Carolina—Barnwell District". The Charleston Mercury. January 14, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d e Schermerhorn (2015), p. 116.
- ^ "$40 Reward". The Weekly Advertiser. May 11, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ a b c Calderhead (1977), p. 202.
- ^ Schermerhorn (2016), p. 219.
- ^ "Three Negro Men". The Liberator. September 21, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Public Meeting". Mississippi Free Trader. April 26, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "$10 Reward". Vicksburg Whig. February 19, 1834. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Was committed to the Jail of Adams County". The Natchez Weekly Courier. December 13, 1843. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Slaves for Sale". The Times-Picayune. April 8, 1841. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "New Orleans, Louisiana, City Directory, 1861", U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995, pp. 83 (Buford), 280 (Little, slave dealer) 281 (Locket, negro trader), 305 (Martin), 489 (slave dealers), 2011 – via Ancestry.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Pritchett, Jonathan B. (1997). "The Interregional Slave Trade and the Selection of Slaves for the New Orleans Market". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 28 (1): 57–85. doi:10.2307/206166. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 206166.
- ^ a b Rothman, Joshua D. "Before the Civil War, New Orleans Was the Center of the U.S. Slave Trade". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
- ^ "South Carolina, Sumter District". Camden Commercial Courier. May 12, 1838. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g Fitzpatrick (2008), p. 29.
- ^ a b Sellers (2015), p. 159.
- ^ "Casualty". Weekly Raleigh Register. August 12, 1830. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ^ a b Ball (2014), p. 238.
- ^ "The Kidnappers". The Baltimore Sun. October 20, 1842. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
- ^ "$100 Reward". Fayetteville Weekly Observer. March 1, 1843. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Dissolution". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. October 25, 1853. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ a b "Notice to Planters". The Weekly Telegraph. August 2, 1859. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ a b "Williams' Atlanta Directory 1859–60" (PDF).
- ^ "Committed to Jail". Tuskegee Republican. May 22, 1856. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ a b "(SLAVERY AND ABOLITION) Trade card for John W Chrisp Co Dea". catalogue.swanngalleries.com. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
- ^ "Rice C. Ballard Papers (UNC Libraries)". FromThePage.com. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ "Sheriff's Sale". The Democrat. September 3, 1845. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Awful Murder". The Charleston Mercury. February 12, 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "The two negroes". Tarboro Press. March 25, 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Pre-Printed Slave Sale". Rudin Slavery Collection.
- ^ a b c d "Another Modern Building Will Occupy Site of Former Slave Depot". The Montgomery Times. March 28, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sydnor (1933), p. 155.
- ^ a b Stowe (1853), p. 355.
- ^ "Selling a Free Boy for a Slave". The Louisville Daily Courier. August 4, 1855. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ a b "Was committed to the jail". The Independent Monitor. July 24, 1840. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "Forgery and Scoundrelism". The Louisville Daily Courier. October 12, 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Broadside for the auction of 10 enslaved families in New Orleans". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
- ^ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign via Illinois Digital Heritage Hub. "A broadside advertising an auction of enslaved men and a woman, 1856". Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 55.
- ^ "Illustration of American Slavery" Newspapers.com, The Liberator, November 23, 1849, http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-liberator-illustration-of-american-s/143993035/
- ^ a b c d Sydnor (1933), p. 156.
- ^ a b c d e f Bellamy (1984), p. 305.
- ^ "Murder at Atlanta Georgia" Newspapers.com, Independent American, September 24, 1856, https://www.newspapers.com/article/independent-american-murder-at-atlanta-g/143865375/
- ^ "Is Bound to Remain Rock-Ribbed Democrat". The Anaconda Standard. August 22, 1905. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ a b c Finley, Alexandra J. (2020). An intimate economy: enslaved women, work, and America's domestic slave trade. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 101, 103. ISBN 978-1-4696-5512-3.
- ^ a b c d e Colby (2024), p. 33.
- ^ "Oct 30, 1844, page 2 - Portland Press Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
- ^ "Runaway Negro in Russell Jail". Richmond Enquirer. December 6, 1842. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Mississippi, as a province, territory, and state : with biographical notices of eminent citizens / by J.F.H. Claiborne. Vol. 1". HathiTrust. p. 359.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 50–51, 57.
- ^ a b c d Corrigan, Mary Beth (2001). "Imaginary Cruelties? A History of the Slave Trade in Washington, D.C." Washington History. 13 (2): 4–27. JSTOR 40073372.
- ^ "C. J. Blackman & Co". The Weekly Mississippian. August 19, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ a b c d e Schipper, Martin, ed. (2002). A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Papers of the American Slave Trade, Part 1. Rice Ballard Papers, Series C: Selections from the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries (PDF). Lexis Nexis. pp. vii–viii. ISBN 1-55655-919-4.
- ^ "The Confession of the Murderers". The Times-Picayune. July 20, 1841. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d Colby (2024), p. 86.
- ^ Slave Dealer Advertising Cover - Oval Printed Corner Card. (n.d.). Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; 13; 43. https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813341
- ^ a b c d e f Mooney (1971), p. 50.
- ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 100.
- ^ Wilson (2009), p. 59.
- ^ a b Schermerhorn (2015), p. 148.
- ^ "Twenty Dollars Reward". The Mississippi Messenger. June 24, 1806. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
- ^ Genius of Universal Emancipation 1830-11: Vol 1 Iss 8. Internet Archive. Open Court Publishing Co. November 1830. p. 128.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Stop the Runaway, $30 Reward for Ben". The Charleston Daily Courier. February 14, 1835. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Nashville, 1860". U.S. City Directories, 1822–1995. Ancestry.com. p. 130. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
Boyd, Wm. L. Jr., general agent and dealer in slaves, 50, north Cherry st., residence, 6, north Cherry st.
- ^ a b "Slave Narratives Of Kentucky". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
- ^ a b "Cash for Negroes". Spirit Of Jefferson. May 24, 1853. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ a b "Cash for Negroes". Alexandria Gazette. March 11, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ "Robert B. Brashear". Alexandria Gazette. March 17, 1849. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 58.
- ^ Calonius, Erik (2006). The Wanderer: the last American slave ship and the conspiracy that set its sails. New York, N.Y: Saint Martin's Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-312-34347-7.
- ^ "CAUTION". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. March 26, 1850. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ "Grand Forgery". Independent American. March 14, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 341–342.
- ^ a b "Negroes for Sale". Vicksburg Whig. March 21, 1860. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
- ^ "Fifty Negroes for Sale". Vicksburg Whig. October 17, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ^ a b c d Sellers (2015), p. 156.
- ^ a b c d Stowe (1853), p. 352.
- ^ a b savannahhistory (September 3, 2019). "From Slave House to School House: Rediscovering the Bryan Free School". Fact-Checking Savannah's History. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
- ^ a b c d e Phillips (1936), p. 196.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". Mississippi Free Trader. February 19, 1818. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-28.
- ^ "Notice". Natchez Gazette. January 10, 1818. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
- ^ "J. Buddy". The New Orleans Crescent. November 7, 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
- ^ "100 Negroes for Sale". The Weekly Telegraph. October 1, 1850. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ "Runaways". Richmond Enquirer. June 19, 1821. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ^ a b "Watson, Henry, b. 1813. Narrative of Henry Watson, a Fugitive Slave". docsouth.unc.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-15.
- ^ "Committed to the Jail of Caswell county". The Weekly Standard. December 23, 1840. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 316–317.
- ^ a b c d e Maurie D. McInnis (2013). "Mapping the Slave Trade in Richmond and New Orleans". Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum. 20 (2): 102. doi:10.5749/buildland.20.2.0102. S2CID 160472953.
- ^ "Broadside - Gang of Thirty-Seven Negroes For Sale (In Families)". Gail and Stephen Rudin Slavery Collection.
- ^ "To the editors of the American, KIDNAPPING". The Maryland Gazette. July 9, 1818. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b "Was committed to the jail of Pike County, Mississippi". The Weekly Mississippian. February 13, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Counties of Christian and Trigg, Kentucky. Historical and biographical c.1". HathiTrust. p. 68. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Was committed to the jail of Henrico as a runaway". Richmond Enquirer. March 24, 1826. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b "Record Trade card for the "Great Negro Mart" in Memphis, Tennessee". Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
- ^ a b John Clark 619 W Market Slave Dealer, page 56 – William P Davis 212 Sixth 201 W Green Slave Dealer, page 69 – Matthew Garrison page 97 –William W Wilson page 265 – Louisville, Kentucky, City Directory, 1861
- ^ "Charge of Inhumanity to a Negro". The Louisville Daily Courier. May 19, 1858. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Attempt to Sell Free Negroes". The Louisville Daily Courier. October 26, 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Rev. Thomas James, 1804–1891. Life of Rev. Thomas James, by Himself". docsouth.unc.edu. p. 17. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Venet, Wendy Hamand (2014). A Changing Wind: Commerce and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-300-19216-2. JSTOR j.ctt5vksj6. LCCN 2013041255. OCLC 879430095. OL 26884541M.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 96.
- ^ Pre-Printed Receipt for a Slave Girl. (1862-12-23). Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; 13; 30. https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813273
- ^ "Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery". dlas.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
- ^ Skolnik, Benjamin A. (January 2021). 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History (PDF) (Report). Office of Historic Alexandria - City of Alexandria, Virginia. page=72
- ^ a b c Colby (2024), p. 101.
- ^ a b "Committed to the jail of Caswell County". The Weekly Standard. July 21, 1841. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c "Domestic Slave Trade". National Anti-Slavery Standard. July 22, 1841. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ^ "Memorandum". The Liberator. February 22, 1834. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
- ^ Dettro, Chris (November 8, 2015). "Historical mystery comes with sale of Bissell farm". The State Journal-Register. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
- ^ "July 22, 1854, Lexington Observer". The Lexington Herald. May 12, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". The Louisville Daily Courier. February 18, 1857. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
- ^ "NOTICE". The Argus of Western America. March 21, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Fifty-six Virginia Negroes for Sale". Mississippi Gazette. November 14, 1829. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
- ^ a b "Runaway in Jail". Cahawba Democrat. August 12, 1837. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ^ "100 Negroes for Sale". The Weekly Telegraph. October 1, 1850. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ "A memorial and biographical history of McLennan, Falls, Bell and Coryell counties, Texas : containing a history of this important section of the great state ... v.2". HathiTrust. p. 735. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
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- ^ "Notice, was committed to the jail of Amite County, Mississippi". Southern Planter. October 6, 1832. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Negroes wanted". Port Tobacco Times and Charles County Advertiser. April 2, 1846. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
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- ^ "NY Evening Post" Newspapers.com, Anti-Slavery Bugle, May 1, 1852, http://www.newspapers.com/article/anti-slavery-bugle-ny-evening-post/143996318/
- ^ a b E S Hawkins, 1860, 18 Cedar St, Nashville, Tennessee, USA, Slave-Dealer - Nashville, Tennessee, City Directory, 1860 - Page 188 G H Hitchings 72 Broad St Nashville, Tennessee, USA - Negro-Dealer - page 305 - Nashville, Tennessee, City Directory, 1860
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- ^ a b c d e Mooney (1971), p. 45.
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- ^ a b W H Rainey and Co´s Memphis City Directory, 1855-56Ancestry.com. U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995 published 2011 - Page 130 - Hill, William C, Slave dealer, 56 Adams - Page 171 Staples, Jno., negro trader, 136 Adams
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 42.
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- ^ "Negroes for Sale". Mississippi Free Trader. November 3, 1818. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-07-28.
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- ^ Snow, Whitney Adrienne (2008). "Slave Owner, Slave Trader, Gentleman: Slavery and the Rise of Andrew Jackson". Journal of East Tennessee History. 80. Knoxville, Tennessee: East Tennessee Historical Society: 47–59. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 23044540.
- ^ Cheathem, Mark R. (April 2011). "Andrew Jackson, Slavery, and Historians". History Compass. 9 (4): 326–338. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00763.x.
- ^ a b "70 Negroes for Sale". The Mississippi Free Trader. May 26, 1849. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
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- ^ a b c Colby, Robert (2023). "Chapter 11: Waiting for Fevers to Abate: The Contagion and Fear in the Domestic Slave Trade". In Cooper, Mandy L.; Popp, Andrew (eds.). Business of Emotions in Modern History. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 219–239. doi:10.5040/9781350268876.ch-11. ISBN 978-1-3502-6249-2. OCLC 1294194709.
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- ^ a b Hawes, Jennifer Berry (July 5, 2023). "How a grad student uncovered the largest slave auction in U.S. history". Daily Montanan. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ a b "The Creole (Richmond Compiler)". Alexandria Gazette. December 20, 1841. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ a b c d http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/msaref09/msa_scm6824/pdf/msa_scm6824-0079.pdf
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- ^ a b "Thirty Dollars Reward". The Independent Monitor. December 30, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
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- ^ a b c O'Brien, Mary Lawrence Bickett (2014) [2001]. "Slavery in Louisville". In Kleber, John E. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 825–826. ISBN 978-0-8131-2100-0. LCCN 99053755. OCLC 900344482. Project MUSE book 37208.
- ^ "Brought to jail". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. February 19, 1845. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
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- ^ The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: Richmond Ward 3, Henrico, Virginia; Roll: M653_1353; Page: 524; Family History Library Film: 805353 - occupation negro dealer
- ^ "Horrid Outrage". The North-Carolina Star. May 15, 1834. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
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- ^ a b Genius of Universal Emancipation 1830-01-22: Vol 4 Iss 20. Internet Archive. Open Court Publishing Co. January 22, 1830.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Cash for Negroes, Legg & Williams". Maryland Gazette. May 20, 1830. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ "Was committed to the jail of Westmoreland County, Va". Richmond Enquirer. August 14, 1821. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Change of Location". The Charleston Daily Courier. February 24, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
- ^ "Fifty Dollars Reward". The Natchez Daily Courier. January 12, 1839. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 336.
- ^ a b Alexander, Charles (1914). Battles and Victories of Allen Allensworth ... Lieutenant-Colonel, Retired, U.S. Army. Sherman, French. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-598-48524-3.
- ^ a b "1861 New Orleans City Directory - P (complete) - Orleans Parish". usgwarchives.net. July 2004.