French
DeutschAndricus grossulariae
| Acorn cup gall | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Fully developed gall on ground | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Cynipidae |
| Genus: | Andricus |
| Species: | A. grossulariae |
| Binomial name | |
| Andricus grossulariae Giraud, 1859 | |
Andricus grossulariae is a gall wasp species inducing agamic acorn cup galls on oak tree acorn cups and sexual phase galls on catkins.[1] Synonyms include Andricus fructuum (Trotter, 1899), Andricus gemellus (Belizin & Maisuradze, 1961), Andricus intermedius (Tavares, 1922), Andricus mayri (Wachtl, 1879) and Cynips panteli (Kieffer, 1897).[2]
Galls[edit]
Acorn cup galls develop as a chemically induced distortion of the growing acorn cups on oak trees, caused by gall wasps which lay eggs within the tissues of the acorn cup.
The sexual phase appears on catkins as rounded structures (6 mm × 3–4 mm) possessing a characteristic point, and when young are covered with fine hairs.[1] The galls, shiny and hard, turn red in colour and then black or dark purple.[1]
The asexual or parthenogenetic phase, about 10 mm across,[1] develops on acorn cups of English oak Q. robur and sessile oak Q. petraea. The galls, formed of flattened projections, often enclose the immature acorn.[1] The galls first appear pink in colour and as they mature they turn red, then green and finally brown during their development.[3][4] Previously the causer of this stage was known as Andricus mayri (Wachtl).[1]
Although normally distinctive the asexual acorn cup gall can, under some growth conditions, be mistaken for the knopper gall, caused by the gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis.[4]
A. grossulariae, although usually found on acorns, is also found on buds.[5]
Life cycle[edit]
As stated, two forms of galls exist for this species, the asexual phase inducing the acorn cup gall on the cups in late summer and the sexual phase inducing rounded galls on the oak catkins in spring.
Parasitoids and inquilines[edit]
One study identified twenty-four parasitoids from galls of A. grossulariae,[6] such as Torymus auratus, Megastigmus dorsalis, Ormyrus pomaceus, Sycophila variegata, Sycophila biguttata, Mesopolobus xanthocerus, and Aulogymnus trilineatus. Ceroptres cerri is an inquiline of A. grossulariae.[7]
Distribution[edit]
A. grossulariae has been recorded from the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium,[8] and Israel.[9] A. grossulariae was first seen in Britain in Berkshire in 2000.[10]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Margaret Redfern; Peter Shirley (2002). British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi. Shrewsbury: Field Studies Council. pp. 415–419. ISBN 1-85153-214-5.
- ^ "Andricus grossulariae Giraud 1859". Fauna Europaea. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Galls on English or Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur, Turkey oak Q. cerris and Holm oak Q. ilex". Plant Galls. Hainault Forest. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ a b "Acorn cup gall Andricus grossulariae". A Nature Observer′s Scrapbook. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
- ^ "British Plant Galls". British Plant Gall Society. 2004. Archived from the original (MS Word) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ G. Melika; G. Csóka; G. N. Stone; K. Schönrogge (2002). "Parasitoides reared from galls of Andricus aestivalis Giraud, A. grossulariae Giraud, A. multiplicatus Giraud, and A. vindobonensis Muellner in Hungary". Folia Entomologica Hungarica (Abstract). 63: 105–112.
- ^ Guillem Chust; Lucas Garbin; Juli Pujade-Villar (2007). "Gall wasps and their parasitoids in cork oak fragmented forests" (PDF). Ecological Entomology. 32 (1): 82–91. Bibcode:2007EcoEn..32...82C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00850.x. S2CID 84475803.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Andricus grossulariae Giraud, 1859". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Jonathan Donohaye. "Family Cynipidae". Check-list of Israeli Insects. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ John Meiklejohn (April 2009). "New Oak Galls in Worcestershire". Worcestershire Record. 26: 14–15. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
External links[edit]
