Moronene language
Moronene | |
---|---|
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 37,000 (2000)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mqn |
Glottolog | moro1287 |
Moronene is an Austronesian language spoken in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Bungku–Tolaki branch of the Celebic subgroup.
Phonology
[edit]Moronene has the following consonant inventory:[2]
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | plain | p | t | k | ʔ | |
prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᵑk | ||||
voiced | plain | b | d | g | |||
prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑg | ||||
Fricative | β | s | h | ||||
Flap | r | ɽ |
The vowel phonemes are /a e i o u/. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g. nee [ne:].[2]
Grammar
[edit]Word order
[edit]Moronene has flexible word order. However, there is a high frequency of clause-initial verbs in "connected narrative discourse." Noun phrases are not marked for case.[3] The language has prepositions.
Pronouns
[edit]There are two forms of pronouns, free pronouns and absolutive clitics.[2] There are singular and plural forms, there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. There is no gender, and there appears to be no present-day politeness distinction.
Person | Free | Absolutive | |
---|---|---|---|
1SG | [i'?aku] ['?aku] | ['aku] ~ [’?aku] ~ ['haku] | |
2SG | [i'tʃoʔo] ['tʃoʔo] | [ko] | |
3SG | [i'a:] | [o]~[?o]~[ho] | |
1PL (Inclusive) | [i'tʃita] ['tʃita] | ['kita] | |
1PL (Exclusive) | [i'tʃami] ['tʃami] | ['kami] | |
2PL | [itʃo'miu] [tʃo'miu] | [ko'miu] | |
3PL | [i'ʔiɾa] ['ʔiɾa] | ['ʔiɾa]~['hiɾa] |
Genitive pronouns
[edit]There are two classes of genitive pronouns in Moronene which must be learned by speakers, which is unique among Bungku–Tolaki languages.[4] There are singular and plural forms; there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. Example (1) demonstrates the class 1 first person genitive pronoun in use with the noun 'hair'.[4]
wulu-ngku
hair-1SG.GEN
'My hair'
Person | Class 1 | Class 2 |
---|---|---|
1SG | -ngku | -ku |
2SG | -u, | -'u |
3SG | -no | -no |
1PL (EX.) | -mami | -mami |
1PL (IN) | -nto, | -to |
2PL | -miu | -miu |
3PL | -ndo, | -do |
Number
[edit]Moronene has a decimal numeral system.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Moronene at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d Andersen, T. David (1999), "Moronene phonology" (PDF), in Wyn D. Laidig (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics, part VI, Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, pp. 1–45.
- ^ Andersen, Suree. 1999. When the Moronene say no. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- ^ a b c Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University.
- ^ Andersen, T. David. 1999. Moronene numbers. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
Further reading
[edit]- Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University.
- Mead, David. 1999. The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Andersen, T. David. 1999. Moronene numbers. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- Andersen, T. David. 2006. Topicality and functional voice in Hebrew and Moronene, with application to translation. (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary; 346pp.)
- Andersen, Suree. 1999. When the Moronene say no. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- Muthalib, Abdul and Johannes F. Pattiasina and Adnan Usmar and Rambe, {}. 1983. Struktur bahasa Moronene. Ujung Pandang: PPBSIDSS. vii+136pp.