Mishkenot Sha'ananim – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

Mishkenot Sha'ananim (em hebraico: משכנות שאננים, lit. Peaceful Dwellings) foi construído em 1859-1860. Esta pousada foi uma das primeiras estruturas a ser construída fora da Cidade Velha, sendo as outras Kerem Avraham, o Orfanato Schneller, a escola Bishop Gobat e o Complexo Russo.^[1]^[2]

História[editar | editar código-fonte]

Período otomano[editar | editar código-fonte]

Mishkenot Sha'anim foi construído pelo banqueiro judeu britânico e filantropo Sir Moses Montefiore em 1860, depois que ele adquiriu as terras do governador de Jerusalém, Ahmad Agha Duzdar.^[3]

Na noite de 1 de janeiro de 1873, Aaron Hershler estava de guarda no Moinho de Vento Montefiore, quando um grupo de muçulmanos árabes de Silwan tentou roubar a casa de sua família em Mishkenot Sha'ananim. Hershler foi perseguido e levou 12 tiros. Ele morreu no hospital em 5 de janeiro e foi enterrado no Monte das Oliveiras. Setenta e cinco anos após sua morte, Hershler foi reconhecido pelas Forças de Defesa de Israel como o primeiro "mártir nacional" no conflito judaico-árabe. Ele é um dos cerca de três dúzias de judeus mortos durante a Palestina governada pelos otomanos, que são comemorados como parte do dia anual em memória do Yom Hazikaron de Israel.^[4]^[5]

Foi construído como uma casa de esmola, paga pela propriedade de um empresário judeu americano de Nova Orleans, Judah Touro.^[6] Uma vez que estava fora dos muros e aberto a invasões beduínas, pilhagem e banditismo geral desenfreado na região na época, os judeus estavam relutantes em se mudar, mesmo que a habitação fosse luxuosa em comparação com as casas abandonadas e superlotadas na Cidade Velha.^[2] Como incentivo, as pessoas foram pagas para viver lá, e um muro de pedra foi construído ao redor do complexo com uma porta pesada que era trancada à noite para defesa. O nome do bairro foi tirado do Livro de Isaías: "Meu povo habitará em habitação pacífica, em habitações seguras e em locais de descanso pacíficos" (Isaías 32:18). Mais tarde, tornou-se parte da Yemin Moshe, que foi estabelecida em 1892-1894.^[7]

Período jordaniano[editar | editar código-fonte]

Após a Guerra Árabe-Israelense de 1948, quando a Cidade Velha foi capturada pela Legião Árabe, Mishkenot Sha'ananim fez fronteira com a terra de ninguém nas proximidades da linha de armistício com o Reino da Jordânia, e muitos moradores do bairro Yemin Moshe partiram na esteira de ataques de franco-atiradores por legionários árabes jordanianos. Apenas os habitantes mais pobres permaneceram, transformando o complexo em uma favela.^[8]

Restauração após 1967[editar | editar código-fonte]

A terra de ninguém que faz fronteira com Mishkenot Sha'ananim foi capturada por Israel durante a Guerra de 1967, juntamente com o resto de Jerusalém Oriental e Velha.^[9]

Em 1973, Mishkenot Sha'ananim foi transformado em uma pousada de luxo para autores, artistas e músicos internacionalmente aclamados que visitavam Israel. Além das instalações da pousada, é agora um centro de convenções e casa do Centro de Música de Jerusalém. O centro de música foi inaugurado por Pablo Casals pouco antes de sua morte.^[2]^[6]

O Centro de Ética de Jerusalém foi estabelecido em Mishkenot Sha'ananim em 1997. Yitzhak Zamir lidera o conselho de administração desde sua aposentadoria como juiz da Suprema Corte israelense em 2001.^[10]^[11]

Chama Etzioni
Moinho de vento Montefiore
Ha-Takhana
Jerusalém como o Centro do Mundo por David Breuer-Weil (após o Mapa da Folha do Trevo de Bünting), no Parque Teddy Kollek (2016)

Ver também[editar | editar código-fonte]

Referências[editar | editar código-fonte]

↑ Kark, Ruth; Oren-Nordheim, Michal (2001). Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948. Col: Israel studies in historical geography. [S.l.]: Wayne State University Press. pp. 74; table on p.82–86. ISBN 9780814329092. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021. The beginning of construction outside the Jerusalem Old City in the mid-19th century was linked to the changing relations between the Ottoman government and the European powers. After the Crimean War, the government extended various rights and privileges to non-Muslims, who could enjoy greater tolerance and more security of life and property. These changes stimulated the expansion of Jerusalem beyond the city walls. From the mid-1850s to the early 1860s, several new buildings were constructed outside the walls, among them the mission house of the English consul, James Finn, in what came to be known as Abraham's Vineyard (Kerem Avraham); the Protestant school built by Bishop Samuel Gobat on Mount Zion; the Russian Compound; the Mishkenot Sha’ananim houses: and the Schneller Orphanage complex. These complexes were all built by foreigners, with funds from abroad, as semi-autonomous compounds encompassed by walls and with gates that were closed at night. They were European in style and were a contrast to the typical Middle-Eastern-style buildings of Palestine.
↑ ^a ^b ^c «Mishkenot Sha'ananim: From Alms House to Cultural Centre - Jerusalem's First Building Outside the Old City's Wall». ARIEL: The Israel Review of Arts and Letters. Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel). 1996. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021 – via MFA homepage
↑ Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore : comprising their life and work as recorded in their diaries from 1812 to 1883, Volume 2, pages 51-52: “Ahhmed Agha Dizdar, who had been Governor of Jerusalem during the reign of Mohhammad Ali, and who since the year 1839 had stood in friendly relations with Sir Moses, was the owner of the land in question. When Sir Moses broached the subject of the purchase to him, his answer was: "You are my friend, my brother, the apple of my eye, take possession of it at once. This land I hold as an heirloom from my ancestors. I would not sell it to any person for thousands of pounds, but to you I give it without any money: it is yours, take possession of it." " I myself, my wife, and children, we all are yours." And this was his reply to Sir Moses day after day, whenever he was asked the price for which he would sell the said property. Ultimately, after a whole day's most friendly argument, which almost exhausted all my stock of Arabic phraseology (having acted as interpreter between him and Sir Moses), he said to me: "You are my friend, my brother; by my beard, my head, I declare this is the case. Tell Sir Moses to give me a souvenir of one thousand pounds sterling, and we will go at once to the Ckadee."
↑ LeVine, Mark (2007). Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel-Palestine. [S.l.]: Rowman & Littlefield. 51 páginas. ISBN 9780742546394. Consultado em 9 de janeiro de 2024
↑ Fabian, Emanuel (23 de abril de 2023). «Iconic Jerusalem windmill commemorates 1873 death of Jew who was guarding it». Times of Israel. Consultado em 9 de janeiro de 2024
↑ ^a ^b Dudman, Helga (1982). Street People. [S.l.]: The Jerusalem Post/Carta (1st ed.), Hippocrene Books (2nd ed.). pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-965-220-039-6 Not available on Google Books as of August 2021.
↑ «Yemin Moshe and Mishkenot Sha'ananim». Pinhas Baraq for The Jewish Agency for Israel's Department for Jewish Zionist Education. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2013. Cópia arquivada em 22 de dezembro de 2009 More information about Yemin Moshe
↑ Klein, Menachem (2014). Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780190257460. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021
↑ «Israel and the Palestinians: Key Maps». BBC News. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021
↑ «Konrad Adenauer Conference Center of Mishkenot Sha'ananim». Cópia arquivada em 21 de outubro de 2009
↑ Itzhak Zamir at the National Library of Israel homepage. Posted before 2019, accessed 23 Aug. 2021.

[Kark2001-1] Kark, Ruth; Oren-Nordheim, Michal (2001). Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948. Col: Israel studies in historical geography. [S.l.]: Wayne State University Press. pp. 74; table on p.82–86. ISBN 9780814329092. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021. The beginning of construction outside the Jerusalem Old City in the mid-19th century was linked to the changing relations between the Ottoman government and the European powers. After the Crimean War, the government extended various rights and privileges to non-Muslims, who could enjoy greater tolerance and more security of life and property. These changes stimulated the expansion of Jerusalem beyond the city walls. From the mid-1850s to the early 1860s, several new buildings were constructed outside the walls, among them the mission house of the English consul, James Finn, in what came to be known as Abraham's Vineyard (Kerem Avraham); the Protestant school built by Bishop Samuel Gobat on Mount Zion; the Russian Compound; the Mishkenot Sha’ananim houses: and the Schneller Orphanage complex. These complexes were all built by foreigners, with funds from abroad, as semi-autonomous compounds encompassed by walls and with gates that were closed at night. They were European in style and were a contrast to the typical Middle-Eastern-style buildings of Palestine.

[MFA-2] «Mishkenot Sha'ananim: From Alms House to Cultural Centre - Jerusalem's First Building Outside the Old City's Wall». ARIEL: The Israel Review of Arts and Letters. Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel). 1996. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021 – via MFA homepage

[3] Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore : comprising their life and work as recorded in their diaries from 1812 to 1883, Volume 2, pages 51-52: “Ahhmed Agha Dizdar, who had been Governor of Jerusalem during the reign of Mohhammad Ali, and who since the year 1839 had stood in friendly relations with Sir Moses, was the owner of the land in question. When Sir Moses broached the subject of the purchase to him, his answer was: "You are my friend, my brother, the apple of my eye, take possession of it at once. This land I hold as an heirloom from my ancestors. I would not sell it to any person for thousands of pounds, but to you I give it without any money: it is yours, take possession of it." " I myself, my wife, and children, we all are yours." And this was his reply to Sir Moses day after day, whenever he was asked the price for which he would sell the said property. Ultimately, after a whole day's most friendly argument, which almost exhausted all my stock of Arabic phraseology (having acted as interpreter between him and Sir Moses), he said to me: "You are my friend, my brother; by my beard, my head, I declare this is the case. Tell Sir Moses to give me a souvenir of one thousand pounds sterling, and we will go at once to the Ckadee."

[4] LeVine, Mark (2007). Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel-Palestine. [S.l.]: Rowman & Littlefield. 51 páginas. ISBN 9780742546394. Consultado em 9 de janeiro de 2024

[Fabian-5] Fabian, Emanuel (23 de abril de 2023). «Iconic Jerusalem windmill commemorates 1873 death of Jew who was guarding it». Times of Israel. Consultado em 9 de janeiro de 2024

[People-6] Dudman, Helga (1982). Street People. [S.l.]: The Jerusalem Post/Carta (1st ed.), Hippocrene Books (2nd ed.). pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-965-220-039-6 Not available on Google Books as of August 2021.

[7] «Yemin Moshe and Mishkenot Sha'ananim». Pinhas Baraq for The Jewish Agency for Israel's Department for Jewish Zionist Education. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2013. Cópia arquivada em 22 de dezembro de 2009 More information about Yemin Moshe

[8] Klein, Menachem (2014). Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780190257460. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021

[9] «Israel and the Palestinians: Key Maps». BBC News. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2021

[10] «Konrad Adenauer Conference Center of Mishkenot Sha'ananim». Cópia arquivada em 21 de outubro de 2009

[11] Itzhak Zamir at the National Library of Israel homepage. Posted before 2019, accessed 23 Aug. 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]