جغرافیای زمان - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

جغرافیای زمان یا جغرافیای زمان-فضا یک دیدگاه ترارشته‌ای در حال تحول در فرایندها و رویدادهای فضایی و زمانی مانند تعامل اجتماعی، برهم‌کنش زیستی، تغییرات اجتماعی و محیطی و زندگی‌نامه افراد است.^[۱] جغرافیای زمان «فی نفسه یک حوزه موضوعی نیست»،^[۲] بلکه یک چارچوب هستی‌شناختی یکپارچه و زبان دیداری است که در آن فضا و زمان ابعاد اساسی تحلیل فرآیندهای پویا هستند. جغرافیای زمانی در ابتدا توسط جغرافیدانان انسانی توسعه داده شد، اما امروزه در زمینه‌های متعدد مرتبط با ترابری، برنامه‌ریزی منطقه ای، جغرافیا، انسان‌شناسی، تحقیقات استفاده از زمان، بوم‌شناسی، علوم محیطی و بهداشت عمومی کاربرد دارد.^[۳] به گفته بو لنتورپ جغرافیدان سوئدی: «جغرافیای زمان یک رویکرد اساسی است و هر محققی می‌تواند آن را به روش خود به ملاحظات نظری مرتبط کند.»^[۴]

تاریخچه[ویرایش]

جغرافیدان سوئدی، تورستن هاگرستراند، جغرافیای زمان را در اواسط دهه ۱۹۶۰ میلادی و بر اساس ایده‌هایی که در طول تحقیقات تجربی قبلی خود در مورد الگوهای مهاجرت انسان در سوئد ایجاد کرده بود، شکل داد.^[۵] او با استفاده از «رویکرد فیزیکی شامل مطالعه چگونگی رخ دادن رویدادها در چارچوب زمانی-مکانی» به دنبال «راهی برای یافتن عملکرد مکانیسم‌های اجتماعی-محیطی بزرگ» بود.^[۶] هاگرستراند تا حدی از پیشرفت‌های مفهومی در فیزیک فضا-زمان و از فلسفه فیزیکالیسم الهام گرفته بود.^[۷]

جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]

پانویس[ویرایش]

↑ (Thrift و Pred 1981); (Carlstein 1982)
↑ (Lenntorp 1999)
↑ (Sui 2012)
↑ (Lenntorp 1999)
↑ (Lenntorp 1999)
↑ (Hägerstrand 1970)
↑ In (Hägerstrand 1983) and (Kuklinski 1987), Hägerstrand cites the writings of Albert Einstein and Arthur Eddington on general relativity as inspirations. Physicalist philosopher and sociologist Otto Neurath is cited in (Hägerstrand 1970). While these ideas are important sources for time-geographic ontology, time geography should not be portrayed as exclusively physicalist. Hägerstrand also cited phenomenologist Martin Heidegger and conservationist Rachel Carson as major influences, along with numerous geographers ((Kuklinski 1987)). "Hägerstrand wanted to stress the importance of the material aspects of the real world as the basis of life, with an imperative for researchers to take basic constraints into consideration: that natural resources, time, and space are limited... Nevertheless, Torsten Hägerstrand was not a hardcore materialist. His materialism is embedded in a deep concern for the importance of human experiences, reflections, and reasoning for the development of geographical knowledge." ((Ellegård و Svedin 2012))

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[1] (Thrift و Pred 1981); (Carlstein 1982)

[2] (Lenntorp 1999)

[3] (Sui 2012)

[4] (Lenntorp 1999)

[5] (Lenntorp 1999)

[6] (Hägerstrand 1970)

[7] In (Hägerstrand 1983) and (Kuklinski 1987), Hägerstrand cites the writings of Albert Einstein and Arthur Eddington on general relativity as inspirations. Physicalist philosopher and sociologist Otto Neurath is cited in (Hägerstrand 1970). While these ideas are important sources for time-geographic ontology, time geography should not be portrayed as exclusively physicalist. Hägerstrand also cited phenomenologist Martin Heidegger and conservationist Rachel Carson as major influences, along with numerous geographers ((Kuklinski 1987)). "Hägerstrand wanted to stress the importance of the material aspects of the real world as the basis of life, with an imperative for researchers to take basic constraints into consideration: that natural resources, time, and space are limited... Nevertheless, Torsten Hägerstrand was not a hardcore materialist. His materialism is embedded in a deep concern for the importance of human experiences, reflections, and reasoning for the development of geographical knowledge." ((Ellegård و Svedin 2012))

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ن ب و جغرافیای انسانی
زیرشاخه‌ها	جغرافیای کار جغرافیای فرهنگی جغرافیای توسعه جغرافیای اقتصادی جغرافیای سلامت جغرافیای تاریخی جغرافیای زبان‌ها جغرافیای بازار جغرافیای نظامی جغرافیای سیاسی جغرافیای جمعیت مذهب و جغرافیا جغرافیای اجتماعی جغرافیای راهبردی جغرافیای زمان جغرافیای گردشگری جغرافیای ترابری جغرافیای شهری
روش‌ها و مفاهیم	رفتار بحران نظریه فرهنگ فمینیسم مارکسیسم Non-representational theory نوگرایی ساختارگرایی نشانه‌شناسی پسانوگرایی پساساختارگرایی واسازی جنسیت و فضا