Solar eclipse of July 18, 1860

Solar eclipse of July 18, 1860
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma0.5487
Magnitude1.05
Maximum eclipse
Duration219 s (3 min 39 s)
Coordinates52°30′N 20°18′W / 52.5°N 20.3°W / 52.5; -20.3
Max. width of band198 km (123 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse14:26:24
References
Saros124 (46 of 73)
Catalog # (SE5000)9188

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Wednesday, July 18, 1860, with a magnitude of 1.0500. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 2.2 days before perigee (on July 20, 1860, at 19:15 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[1]

The path of totality was visible from parts of modern-day northwestern Oregon, Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, Canada, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of North America, Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and West Africa.

Coronal Mass Ejection

[edit]

The first coronal mass ejection may have been observed as coronal loops progressing during this total eclipse.[2]

People watching an eclipse in 1860 at Toulouse, France. Picture by Eugène Trutat, Muséum de Toulouse.

Eclipse details

[edit]

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[3]

July 18, 1860 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1860 July 18 at 11:54:56.3 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1860 July 18 at 12:57:13.1 UTC
First Central Line 1860 July 18 at 12:58:21.9 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1860 July 18 at 12:59:31.0 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1860 July 18 at 14:09:18.4 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1860 July 18 at 14:20:40.8 UTC
Greatest Duration 1860 July 18 at 14:24:54.3 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1860 July 18 at 14:26:24.2 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1860 July 18 at 15:53:26.2 UTC
Last Central Line 1860 July 18 at 15:54:37.2 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1860 July 18 at 15:55:48.0 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1860 July 18 at 16:57:54.9 UTC
July 18, 1860 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.05000
Eclipse Obscuration 1.10249
Gamma 0.54871
Sun Right Ascension 07h52m23.3s
Sun Declination +20°56'51.5"
Sun Semi-Diameter 15'44.4"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.7"
Moon Right Ascension 07h53m03.2s
Moon Declination +21°28'15.4"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'18.0"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 0°59'49.1"
ΔT 7.7 s

Eclipse season

[edit]

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of July–August 1860
July 18
Descending node (new moon)
August 1
Ascending node (full moon)
Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 124
Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 136
[edit]

Eclipses in 1860

[edit]

Metonic

[edit]

Tzolkinex

[edit]

Half-Saros

[edit]

Tritos

[edit]

Solar Saros 124

[edit]

Inex

[edit]

Triad

[edit]

Solar eclipses of 1859–1862

[edit]

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[4]

The partial solar eclipses on March 4, 1859 and August 28, 1859 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipse on November 21, 1862 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1859 to 1862
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
109 February 3, 1859

Partial
−1.5659 114 July 29, 1859

Partial
1.2598
119 January 23, 1860

Annular
−0.8969 124 July 18, 1860

Total
0.5487
129 January 11, 1861

Annular
−0.1766 134 July 8, 1861

Annular
−0.2231
139 December 31, 1861

Total
0.5187 144 June 27, 1862

Partial
−1.0252
149 December 21, 1862

Partial
1.1633

Saros 124

[edit]

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 124, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 73 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on March 6, 1049. It contains total eclipses from June 12, 1211 through September 22, 1968, and a hybrid eclipse on October 3, 1986. There are no annular eclipses in this set. The series ends at member 73 as a partial eclipse on May 11, 2347. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of totality was produced by member 39 at 5 minutes, 46 seconds on May 3, 1734. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[5]

Series members 43–64 occur between 1801 and 2200:
43 44 45

June 16, 1806

June 26, 1824

July 8, 1842
46 47 48

July 18, 1860

July 29, 1878

August 9, 1896
49 50 51

August 21, 1914

August 31, 1932

September 12, 1950
52 53 54

September 22, 1968

October 3, 1986

October 14, 2004
55 56 57

October 25, 2022

November 4, 2040

November 16, 2058
58 59 60

November 26, 2076

December 7, 2094

December 19, 2112
61 62 63

December 30, 2130

January 9, 2149

January 21, 2167
64

January 31, 2185

Metonic series

[edit]

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

22 eclipse events between February 23, 1830 and July 19, 1917
February 22–23 December 11–12 September 29–30 July 18–19 May 6–7
108 110 112 114 116

February 23, 1830

July 18, 1841

May 6, 1845
118 120 122 124 126

February 23, 1849

December 11, 1852

September 29, 1856

July 18, 1860

May 6, 1864
128 130 132 134 136

February 23, 1868

December 12, 1871

September 29, 1875

July 19, 1879

May 6, 1883
138 140 142 144 146

February 22, 1887

December 12, 1890

September 29, 1894

July 18, 1898

May 7, 1902
148 150 152 154

February 23, 1906

December 12, 1909

September 30, 1913

July 19, 1917

Tritos series

[edit]

This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200

December 21, 1805
(Saros 119)

November 19, 1816
(Saros 120)

October 20, 1827
(Saros 121)

September 18, 1838
(Saros 122)

August 18, 1849
(Saros 123)

July 18, 1860
(Saros 124)

June 18, 1871
(Saros 125)

May 17, 1882
(Saros 126)

April 16, 1893
(Saros 127)

March 17, 1904
(Saros 128)

February 14, 1915
(Saros 129)

January 14, 1926
(Saros 130)

December 13, 1936
(Saros 131)

November 12, 1947
(Saros 132)

October 12, 1958
(Saros 133)

September 11, 1969
(Saros 134)

August 10, 1980
(Saros 135)

July 11, 1991
(Saros 136)

June 10, 2002
(Saros 137)

May 10, 2013
(Saros 138)

April 8, 2024
(Saros 139)

March 9, 2035
(Saros 140)

February 5, 2046
(Saros 141)

January 5, 2057
(Saros 142)

December 6, 2067
(Saros 143)

November 4, 2078
(Saros 144)

October 4, 2089
(Saros 145)

September 4, 2100
(Saros 146)

August 4, 2111
(Saros 147)

July 4, 2122
(Saros 148)

June 3, 2133
(Saros 149)

May 3, 2144
(Saros 150)

April 2, 2155
(Saros 151)

March 2, 2166
(Saros 152)

January 29, 2177
(Saros 153)

December 29, 2187
(Saros 154)

November 28, 2198
(Saros 155)

Inex series

[edit]

This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200

August 28, 1802
(Saros 122)

August 7, 1831
(Saros 123)

July 18, 1860
(Saros 124)

June 28, 1889
(Saros 125)

June 8, 1918
(Saros 126)

May 20, 1947
(Saros 127)

April 29, 1976
(Saros 128)

April 8, 2005
(Saros 129)

March 20, 2034
(Saros 130)

February 28, 2063
(Saros 131)

February 7, 2092
(Saros 132)

January 19, 2121
(Saros 133)

December 30, 2149
(Saros 134)

December 9, 2178
(Saros 135)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  2. ^ Coronal Mass Ejections from the Sun - Propagation and Near Earth Effects
  3. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1860 Jul 18". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  4. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  5. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 124". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.