Raymond Luc Levasseur

Raymond Luc Levasseur
Levasseur, as depicted by the FBI in the early 1980s
Levasseur, as depicted by the FBI in the early 1980s
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive
Description
BornOctober 10, 1946
Sanford, Maine
Status
AddedMay 5, 1977
CaughtNovember 4, 1984
Number350
Captured

Raymond Luc "Ray" Levasseur (born October 10, 1946 in Sanford, Maine) is the former leader of the United Freedom Front, a militant Marxist organization that conducted a series of bombings and bank robberies throughout the United States from 1976 to 1984.[1][2][3]

Early life[edit]

In 1965, Levasseur enlisted in the United States Army, and was sent to Vietnam two years later, for a 12-month tour of duty. He felt that this experience radicalized him — claiming that he experienced racism, and began to feel strong opposition to fighting against the Vietnamese, whom he felt were struggling for their right to self-determination.[1]

After returning from Vietnam, Levasseur moved to Tennessee, where he began attending college.[1] There, he began working with the Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC).[1]

In 1969, Levasseur was arrested for attempting to sell six dollars' worth of marijuana to an undercover police officer. Levasseur was given the maximum penalty of five years in prison. He was sent to the Tennessee State Penitentiary, where he spent two years in solitary confinement, before being released on parole.[1]

He then moved back to Maine, where he began working with Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), and the Statewide Correctional Alliance for Reform (SCAR), a prisoners'-rights organization. It is while working with these activist groups in Maine, that Levasseur met his future wife, Pat Gros.[1]

United Freedom Front[edit]

In 1975 Levasseur co-founded the Sam Melville/Jonathan Jackson Unit with Tom Manning, Pat Gros (Rowbottom), and Carol Manning which eventually became known as the United Freedom Front. From 1975 to 1984 the UFF carried out ten of bank robberies in the Northeast United States to support UFF bombing activities and later, to support their "life on the run".[4][3] From 1975 to 1979, Levasseur and Manning robbed Brink's armored trucks to support intermittent UFF bombings. But from 1980 to 1981, Levasseur and Manning were not active, settling into a more stable lifestyle. In 1981, Levasseur and Gros move to a farmhouse outside Cambridge, New York living under fake identities. Levasseur recruited new members Richard Williams, Jaan Laaman, and Kazi Toure.[3] With the new members, the UFF resumed bank robberies to support bombing operations. In 1983, it is believed by Levasseur that UFF associate Richard Williams shot and killed New Jersey State trooper Philip J. Lamonaco during a traffic stop.[5][6] Tom Manning later claimed he fired the gun that killed Lamonaco in self defense.[7][3] The death of trooper Lamonaco lead to several years of Levasseur, Gros, Manning, and other UFF associates living "on the run" from the FBI and state law enforcement agencies. A series of accidental "run-in"s occurred in 1982 while on the run.[3] After each "run in" the group would immediately abandon their current living situation, move, and take on new fake identities. Each move required further bank robberies to replace belongings abandoned after prior moves.[3] Intermittently, Levasseur and the UFF conducted bombings targeted at corporations and institutions supporting the South African apartheid regime and US foreign policy in Central America.[8]

Arrest and trial[edit]

On November 4, 1984, members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI's) elite Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) arrested Levasseur, 38, and Gros, 30, after their van was halted in Deerfield, Ohio.[3] According to the special agents, Levasseur kicked an agent but otherwise surrendered without a struggle.[citation needed] A 9-millimeter pistol was found in the van, and the couple's three children, who were in the van, were turned over to juvenile authorities, the Agents said.[3]

Conviction and imprisonment[edit]

Levasseur and six of his comrades were eventually convicted of conspiracy in 1986 and sentenced. In 1987 Levasseur and all seven members of the UFF were charged with seditious conspiracy and violations of the RICO act.[9] The trial ended in an acquittal on most charges and a hung jury on the rest.[8]

After the conspiracy charge in 1986, Levasseur was sentenced to 45 years in prison, and was sent immediately to Control Unit of the supermax prison, USP Marion.[10] While there, he refused to work for the prison labor corporation UNICOR, producing weapons for the U.S. Department of Defense.[1]

In 1994 he was transferred to ADX Florence in Colorado.[1]

In 1999 he was transferred to the Atlanta Federal Prison, where he was released from solitary confinement for the first time in 13 years. Soon afterwards, he began to publish writings on the website Letters from Exile.[1]

Levasseur was released from prison on parole in November 2004 having served nearly half of his 45-year sentence.[11]

See also[edit]

Filmography[edit]

  • (2015) Un américain, portrait de Raymond Luc Levasseur, directed by Pierre Marier, French-language feature-length documentary (99 minutes).

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i James, Joy (2003). Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's political prisoners write on life, liberation, and rebellion. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 227–229. ISBN 978-0-7425-2027-1.
  2. ^ Wormwood, Rick (December 17–23, 2004). "Sanfordís son". Archived from the original on 2008-12-04.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Bryan Burrough (2016). "23 - The Last Revolutionaries - The United Freedom Front, 1981 to 1984". Days Of Rage - America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9780143107972. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25.
  4. ^ Phillip Jenkins. "Case-Study of US Domestic Terrorism: United Freedom Front". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
  5. ^ "In Memoriam - 1980's - Trooper II Philip J. Lamonaco". State of New Jersey. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25.
  6. ^ Gray, Matt (August 1, 2019). "Domestic terrorist convicted in murder of N.J. State Trooper Philip Lamonaco dies in prison". NJ.com. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25.
  7. ^ Paul Basken (1986). "Manning testified, claims self-defense". United Press International. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  8. ^ a b "Raymond Luc Levasseur Trial transcripts, 1989". University of Massachusetts Special Collections and University Archives. Archived from the original on 2013-04-09.
  9. ^ United States of America v. Ramond Levasseur, Carol Ann Manning, Thomas William Manning, Barbara Curzi-Laaman, Richard Charles Williams, Jaan Karl Laaman, 816 F.2d 37 (United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit 1987).
  10. ^ Churchill, Ward; Jim Vander Wall (2002). The COINTELPRO papers: documents from the FBI's secret wars against dissent in the United States. South End Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-89608-648-7.
  11. ^ Lederman, Diane (2009-11-12). "Convicted terrorist Raymond Luc Levasseur denied permission by parole commission to travel to Amherst". masslive. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
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