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This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran and its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical overview.
| Conflict | Iran (and allies) | Opponents | Results | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median Empire (678–549 BC) | |||||
| Assyrian invasions of Media (10th – late 7th centuries BC) | Medes | Assyrian Empire | Defeat | Kingdoms and city-states of western Iran became Assyrian vassals | |
| Median invasion of Assyria (the late 7th century BC) | Medes Other Iranian peoples | Assyrian Empire | Victory | Invasion of the Assyrian Empire by a coalition of Iranian peoples, led by Kashtariti of Media
| |
| Medo-Babylonian invasion Assyria (626–609 BC) | Median Kingdom Babylonia Persians | Assyrian Empire | Victory | Alliance between various people of the region against the Assyrian Empire, led by the Median Kingdom and Babylonia
| |
| Scythian invasion of Media (624–597 BC) | Median Kingdom | Scythians | Victory | War between two groups of Iranian peoples
| |
| Siege of Harran (609 BC) | Medes Babylonia | Assyria | Victory | The Assyrian insurgency | |
| Battle of Eclipse (585 BC) | Medes | Kingdom of Lydia | Undecided | The battle ended due to an eclipse. | |
| Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) | |||||
| Battle of Hyrba (552 BC) | .svg){kind=small} Persians | Medes Empire | Victory | ||
| Persian Revolt (552–549 BC) | Persians | Median Empire | Victory | By conquering Media, Iran became an empire. | |
| Battle of the Persian border (551 BC) | Persians | Medes Empire | Victory | Persian retreat to Pasargadae | |
| Conquest of Lydia (547 BC) | Persian Empire | Lydian Empire | Victory | Lydia annexed by Iran | |
| Cyrus' first eastern campaign (545–540 BC) | Persian Empire | Gedrosia | Victory | Persian conquest of Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, Saka, Chorasmia, Margiana and other provinces in the east after initial defeat | |
| Conquest of Babylonia (540–539 BC) | Persian Empire | Neo-Babylonian Empire | Victory | Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran | |
| Cyrus' second eastern Campaign (533 BC) | Persian Empire | Gedrosia | Victory | Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus vassalage cities. | |
| Cyrus' Campaign against Massagetae (530/529 BC) | Persian Empire | Scythians | Defeat | Death of Cyrus the Great | |
| Conquest of Egypt (525 BC) | Persian Empire | Kingdom of Egypt | Victory | Egypt annexed by Iran | |
| Conquest of India (Indus Valley) (518 BC) | Persian Empire | Mahajanapadas | Victory | Achaemenid military occupation of northwestern regions of India for about two centuries | |
| European Scythian campaign (513 BC) | Persian Empire | Scythians in European Scythia | Victory | Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions | |
| Greek Revolt (499 BC–493 BC) | Persian Empire | Greeks | Victory | Persia re-establishes control over Greek regions in Asia Minor and Cyprus | |
| Greco-Persian War (First) (492–490 BC) | Persian Empire | Greeks | Victory | Persia conquers Macedonia and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace, and establishes supremacy over the Aegean Sea | |
| Greco-Persian War (Second) (480–479 BC) | Persian Empire | Greeks | Defeat | Macedonia, Thrace and Ionia regain independence from Persia | |
| Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) | Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by: Achaemenid Empire | Delian League (led by Athens) | Victory | Dissolution of the Delian League; Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies | |
| Battle of Cunaxa (401 BC) | Persian Empire | Cyrus the Younger | Victory | Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom | |
| Corinthian War (395–387 BC) | Athens Argos Corinth Thebes Persian EmpireOther allies | Sparta Peloponnesian League | Victory dictated by Iran) | Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran; Boeotian league dissolved; Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved. | |
| Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign (385 BC) | Persian Empire | Cadusii | Victory | Negotiated peace with rival chiefs | |
| Revolt of the Satraps (372–362 BC) | Persian Empire | Rebel satrapies | Victory | Rebellions crushed | |
| Second conquest of Egypt (c. 340 BC) | Persian Empire | Egypt | Victory | Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran | |
| Macedonian invasion of Iran (355–328 BC) | Persian Empire |  Macedonia | Defeat | Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great | |
| Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC) | |||||
| Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327–325 BC) | Macedonia | Ancient India | Victory | Hellenic conquest of great part of the Indus Valley. Iranic confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha. | |
| Wars of the Diadochi (322–281 BC) | First War: Second War: Third War: | First War:
Second War:
Third War: | Defeat | Death of Perdiccas. Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, then conquest Persia. | |
| Seleucid Empire (312-129 BC) | |||||
| Babylonian War (311–309 BCE) | Seleucid Empire | Antigonid dynasty | Victory | Seleucid control of Babylonia, Media, and Elam | |
| Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BCE) | Seleucid Empire | Maurya Empire | Defeat | Treaty of the Indus
| |
| Syrian Wars (274–168 BC)[1] | Seleucid Empire | Ptolemaic Egypt | Victory |
| |
| Antiouchus' Bactrian Campaign (209–206/5 BC) | Seleucid Empire | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Victory | Antiochus III recognizes Euthydemus's reign | |
| Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC)[2] | Seleucid Empire |  Roman Republic | Defeat | Peace of Apamea | |
| Campaigns of Artaxias I (189–165 BCE) | Seleucid Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | The regions of Caspiana, Faunitida, Basolropeda, Tmorik, Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus are annexed to Armenia. | |
| Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) | |||||
| Seleucid–Parthian Wars (238 BC–129 BC) | Parthian Empire | Seleucid Empire | Victory | • Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran | |
| Parni Conquest Parthia (238 BC) | Parthian Empire | Seleucid Empire | Victory | • Rise of the Parthian Empire • The beginning of the Seleucid–Parthian Wars | |
| Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC) | Parthian Empire | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Victory | Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire | |
| Second Parthian-Kushan War (between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE) | Parthian Empire | Kushan Empire | Defeat | Kanishka I repels the invasion | |
| Battle of Ecbatana (129 BC) | Parthian Empire | Seleucid Empire | Victory | End of Hellenistic rule in Iran | |
| Nomad invasion of Drangiana[3][4] (128-115 BC) | Parthian Empire | Indo-Scythians | Victory | The House of Suren gets the Indo-Parthian territories. | |
| Parthian invasion of Armenia (120–100 BCE?) |  Parthian Empire | Kingdom of Armenia | Victory | Parthians add territories | |
| Armenian–Parthian War (87–85 BC) | Parthian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great | |
| Battle of Carrahe (53 BC) | Parthian Empire | Roman Republic | Victory | • Repelling the danger of the Romans • Crassus killed • Roman desire to retaliate for Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire | |
| Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) | Liberatores Supported by: | Second Triumvirate Supported by: | Defeat | The Second Triumvirate wins the Roman Civil War, then reinstates control over the eastern provinces. | |
| Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (40–38 BC) | Parthian Empire | Roman Republic | Defeat | Status quo ante bellum | |
| Antony's Parthian War (36–20 BC) | Parthian Empire | Roman Republic | Victory | • Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran • Ended by formal peace in 20 BC | |
| Gondophares conquest on the East (20–10 BC) | Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Indo-Scythians | Victory | Gondophares conquers Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley. | |
| Pharasmanes I of Iberia invasion of Armenia (35 AD) | Parthian Empire |  Kingdom of Iberia | Defeat | Orodes of Armenia is deposed | |
| Kushan invasion of Indo-Parthia (50s AD) | Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Kushan Empire | Defeat | Kushans conquer Indo-Parthian territories in northern India. | |
| Iberian–Armenian War (50–51 AD/51–53 AD) | Kingdom of Armenia
Kingdom of Armenia | Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Iberia | Victory | The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 start | |
| Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 (58–63 AD) | Parthian Empire | Roman Empire Roman clients • Sophene • Iberia • Pontus | Stalemate | Treaty of Rhandeia
| |
| Roman–Parthian Wars (66 AD–216) | Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia | Roman Empire Pontus | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times. | |
| Trajan's Parthian campaign (115–117) | Parthian Empire co-belligerant Jewish/Judean zealots[citation needed] Babylonians rebels Armenian rebels | Roman Empire | Stalemate |
| |
| Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (161–166) | Parthian Empire Pro-Parthian Edessans | Roman Empire Pro-Roman Edessans | Defeat | Minor Roman territorial gains and Armenia consolidated as a Roman client | |
| Battle of Ctesiphon (198) | Parthian Empire | Roman Empire | Defeat | Roman sacks Persian capital | |
| Parthian War of Caracalla (216–217) | Parthian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory |
| |
| Sassanid Empire (224–651) | |||||
| Battle of Hormozdgan (224) |  Sassanids | Parthian Empire | Victory | • Fall of the Parthian Empire • Rise of the Sasanian Empire | |
| Sasanid conquest of Sakastan (225–226)[6] | Sassanids | Indo-Parthian Kingdom | Victory | Consolidation of the Sasanian Empire on eastern Persia | |
| Ardashir I invasion of Armenia (226–238) | Sasanian Empire |  Kingdom of Armenia | Defeat | Sassanid withdrawal | |
| Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I (229-241) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory | Both sides get territorial gains. | |
| Shapur I campaign on the East (241–242) | Sasanian Empire |
| Victory | Persia annex territories as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar) and the Hindu-Kush or even south of it. Those includying Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara. Kushans are deposed and replaced by the Kushanshah | |
| Battle of Resaena (243) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Defeat | Roman recovers Nisibis and Singara | |
| Battle of Misiche (244) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory | Roman cedes Armenia and Mesopotamia | |
| Roman-Sassanid Wars (232–440) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times. | |
| Siege of Nisibis (252) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory | Persian capture of Nisibis | |
| Battle Of Barbalissos (253) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory | Shapur's army won against Valerian's army | |
| Siege of Antioch (253) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory | ||
| Siege of Dura-Europos (256) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory | ||
| Battle of Edessa (260) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Victory | Valerian was captured | |
| Sasanian revolts against Barham II (274-293) | Sasanian Empire | Victory | Revolts suppressed | ||
| Shapur ll's Arab Campaign (325) | Sasanian Empire | Arabs
| Victory |
| |
| Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (337–361) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Indecisive | Status quo ante bellum | |
| Wars of Shapur II with the Chionites and Kushans[7] (350–358) | Sasanian Empire | Xionites | Victory | Expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus River | |
| Shapur II's 1st Armenian campaign (359-361) | Sasanian Empire | Kingdom of Armenia | Victory | Death of Arshak II | |
| Kidarites invasions of Bactria (360s) | Sasanian Empire | Kidarites | Defeat | Kidara I conquers Bactria and get the title of Kushanshah | |
| Julian's Persian expedition (363) | Sasanian Empire Arab allies | Roman Empire | Victory | Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia | |
| Shapur II's 2nd Armenian campaign (367-371) | Sasanian Empire | Roman Empire | Defeat | Persians depose Arshak II of Armenia. Then Armenia is under Roman suzerainty through Pap of Armenia entronization. | |
| Shapur III's Armenian Campaign (378-386) | Sasanian Empire | Kingdom of Armenia | Victory | Peace of Acilisene
| |
| Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire (395) | Sasanian Empire co-belligerant | Hunnic Empire | Victory | Huns quit | |
| Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422 (421–422) | Sasanian Empire | Eastern Roman Empire | Stalemate | Status quo ante bellum
| |
| Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440 (440) | Sasanian Empire | Eastern Roman Empire | Indecisive | Status quo ante bellum
| |
| Battle of Avarayr (451) | Sasanian Empire | Christian Armenians | Victory | Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia. | |
| Kidarite-Sassanid War (464-466)[8][9] | Sasanian Empire | Kidarites | Victory | End of Kidarite menace to Persia in Bactria | |
| Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars (484-565) | Sasanian Empire | Hephthalite Empire | Victory |
| |
| Byzantine–Sassanid Wars (502–628) | Sasanian Empire |  Byzantine Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Borders changed several times. | |
| Anastasian War (502–506) | Sasanian Empire | Byzantine Empire | Draw | Status quo ante bellum [10] •Byzantium pays a small amount of money [11]: 77 | |
| Aksumite invasion of Himyar (518–525) | Himyarite Kingdom
Supported by: | Kingdom of Aksum Supported by: | Defeat |
| |
| Iberian War (526–532) | Sasanian Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory | *Sasanians retained Iberia Byzantines retained Lazica
Byzantines paid tribute of 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg) gold | |
| Lazic War (541–562) | Sasanian Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory | Fifty-Year Peace Treaty | |
| Ethiopian–Persian Wars (570–578) | Sasanian Empire Supported by: Jewish Himyarites | Kingdom of Aksum Supported by: | Victory | Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire) | |
| War for the Caucasus (572–591) | Sasanian Empire | Byzantine Empire | Defeat | • Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne. • Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia and western half of Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591 • Byzantium stops paying tribute to Sasanian empire[12] | |
| First Perso-Turkic War (588–589) | Sasanian Empire | Hephthalite Empire Göktürks | Victory | The Sassanids captured Balkh. | |
| Sasanian civil war of 589–591 | Sasanian Empire | Supporters of Bahram Chobin Dissatisfied Sasanian nobles supported by: | Defeat | Khosrow II faction's victory | |
| Vistahm Rebellion (590–596) | Sasanian Empire | Parthians led by Vistahm | Victory | Revolt suppressed | |
| Byzantine–Sassanid War (602–628) | Sasanian Empire Avars (and Slavic allies) | Byzantine Empire | Status quo ante bellum |
| |
| Second Perso-Turkic War (606–608) | Sasanian Empire | Western Turkic Khaganate Hephthalite Empire | Victory | Turkic invasion of Iran repelled | |
| Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625) |  Sasanian Empire | Byzantine Empire | Status quo ante bellum | Jewish surrender and expulsion after a brief rule by Persians and Jews over parts of the Byzantine Diocese of the East. | |
| Third Perso-Turkic War (627–629) | Sasanian Empire Supported by: | Western Turkic Khaganate Supported by: | Defeat | Byzantine control of Georgia | |
| Sasanian civil war of 628–632 | The Parsig faction The Nimruzi faction | The Pahlav (Parthian) faction Shahrbaraz's army | Stalemate |
| |
| Muslim conquest of Persia (633–654) | Sasanian Empire Supported by: | Rashidun Caliphate | Defeat | ||
| Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679) | .svg){kind=small} Tang China | Rashidun Caliphate (until 661)
| Stalemate | The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674. After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years. | |
| Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090) | |||||
| Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (673–751) |  Abbasid Caliphate
| Principalities of Tokharistan Sogdian principalities | Victory |
| |
| Second Fitna (Muslim civil war of 680–692) | Zubayrid Caliphate Alids Kharijites | Umayyad Caliphate | Defeat | Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca. | |
| Umayyad campaigns in India (712–740) | Umayyad Caliphate | Gurjara-Pratihara | Defeat |
| |
| Third Fitna (744–750) |  Abbasid Caliphate Supported by:
Kharijites | Umayyad Caliphate Supported by: | Victory |
| |
| Tabaristan uprising (784–804) |  Karenids |  Abbasid Caliphate Supported: | Stalemate | Arabs finally conquer Tabaristan, but the locals obtain more authonomy after revolt. | |
| Abbasid expeditions to East Africa (804, 827/837) | 1st phase
| 1st phase Africans from Zanj 2nd phase | Victory | The Kharaj is imposed on the Africans. Persian rebels against Mihna get a compromise. | |
| Fourth Fitna (Abbasid civil war of 811–813/819) | Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by Persian forces) | Al-Amin (supported mostly by Arab forces) | Victory | Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids. | |
| Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites rebellion in Sistan (823–828) | Tahirid dynasty | Kharijites | Inconclusive | Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts. | |
| Mazyar uprising (839) | Tahirid dynasty | Spahbed Mazyar and Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces | Victory | Mutasim Maziar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured. | |
| Zaydid revolt of 864 | Tahirid dynasty | Hasan ibn Zayd's forces | Defeat | Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan. | |
| Caspian expeditions of the Rus' (864–1041) | Abbasid Caliphate • • |  Kievan Rus' • | Stalemate |
| |
| Samanid conquest of northern Iran (900–901) | Samanid Empire | Zaydids | Victory | Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan. | |
| Sajid invasion of Georgia (914) | Sajid dynasty |  Tao-Klarjeti | Stalemate | Despite military victories, sajid withdraw from Georgia | |
| Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928) | Abbasid Caliphate | Qarmatians of Bahrayn Baqliyya rebels | Stalemate | End of Qarmatian expansionism Collapse of the Abbasid Empire | |
| Battle of Iskhabad (940)
| Ziyarid dynasty | Samanid Empire | Defeat | Samanid conquest of the territory | |
| Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) | |||||
| Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870) | Saffarid dynasty | Zunbils | Victory | Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them in the name of Islam. | |
Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876)
| Saffarid dynasty | Abbasid Caliphate | Stalemate |
| |
Battle of Mecca (883)
| Saffarid dynasty | Tulunids | Victory | ||
| Battle of Balkh (900) | Saffarid Amirate | Samanid Empire | Defeat | The Saffarids lose much territory to the Samanids in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war. | |
| Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province (900–904) | Saffarid Amirate | Abbasid Caliphate | Victory | Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards. | |
| Military expedition against Makran (907 or 908) | Saffarid Amirate | Ma'danids | Victory | Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute. | |
| Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909–912) | Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr | Al-Layth | Stalemate | Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives. | |
| Buyid-Saffarid War (967–968) | Saffarid dynasty | Buyid dynasty | Defeat | Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority. | |
| Ghaznavid dynasty (962–1186) | |||||
| March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001–1027) | Ghaznavid Empire | Medieval India | Victory | The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted. | |
| Ghaznavid campaigns in India (10th and 11th centuries) |  Ghaznavid Empire | Medieval India | Victory |
| |
| Seljuq Empire (1037–1194) | |||||
| Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars |  Seljuk Empire | Ghaznavid Empire | Victory | • Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire • Rise of the Seljuk Empire | |
| Siege of Hamadan (1047) | Seljuk Empire | Kakuyids | Victory | Hamedan and Isfahan are conquered by Seljuk empire. | |
| Georgian–Seljuk wars (1048–1213) | Seljuk Empire |  Kingdom of Georgia | Defeat | Initial victory on the Great Turkish Invasion. Then Georgia liberates from being tributary of Seljuk and even invades Iran. | |
| Byzantine–Seljuq wars (1048–1308) | Seljuk Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory | Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks | |
| Overthrow of the Qarmatians (1058–1077) | Seljuk Empire | Qarmatians | Victory | End of Qarmatian rule in eastern Arabia | |
| Seljuk war of succession (1063) | Alp Arslan forces | Qutalmish forces | Victory | Alp Arslan obtains the throne. | |
| Battle of Manzikert (1071) | Seljuk Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory | Seljuks enter Anatolia. | |
Seljuk Civil War
| Seljuk Empire
| Kerman Seljuk Sultanate
| Victory | Malik Shah maintains the throne | |
| Battle of Ain Salm (1086) | Seljuk Empire | Sultanate of Rûm | Victory | death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish | |
| Nizari–Seljuk conflicts (1090–1194) |
| (Nizari) Ismailis of Persia and Syria | Stalemate | Nizaris consolidate a state in Daylam, Quhistan, and Jabal Bahra', then controls other scattered areas in Alborz mountains, Zagros mountains, and Khurasan. | |
| First Crusade (1095–1099) | | Defeat |
| ||
| Siege of Mosul (1096) | Seljuk Empire | Uqaylid dynasty | Victory | Seljuks conquers the territory of the Uqaylid State | |
| Battle of Ghazni (1117) | Seljuk Empire | Ghaznavid Empire | Victory | Bahram of Ghazna succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal | |
| First Siege of Baghdad (1136) | Seljuk Empire | Abbasid Caliphate | Victory | al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east. | |
| Battle of Qatwan (1141) | Seljuk Empire | Qara Khitai (Western Liao) | Defeat | Khwarazm became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitan. | |
| Second Crusade (1147–1150) | Western front (Reconquista) Wendish Crusade
| Victory | |||
| Second Siege of Baghdad (1157) | Seljuk Empire | Abbasid Caliphate | Defeat | Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul. | |
| Ghurid dynasty (879–1215) | |||||
| Battle of Ghazni (1148) | Ghurid dynasty | Ghaznavids | Victory | The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India. | |
| Battle of Ghazni (1151) | Ghurid dynasty | Ghaznavids | Victory | The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149. | |
| Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor (1175–1206) | Ghurid dynasty | Rajput confederacy | Victory |
| |
| Battle of Andkhud (1204) | Ghurid dynasty | Khwarazmian Empire | Defeat | Ghurids lost suzerainty of Khurasan to the Khwarezmian Empire | |
| Ghurid invasion of Tibet (1206) | Ghurid dynasty | Tibetan people (Era of Fragmentation) | Defeat |
| |
| Khwarazmian dynasty (1077–1231) | |||||
| Mongol invasion of Persia (1218–1256) |  Khwarazmian dynasty |  Mongol Empire | Defeat |
| |
| Georgian-Khwarazmid war (1225–1228) | Khwarazmian dynasty
| Kingdom of Georgia | Victory | Khwarezmian last domains added the Georgian domains | |
| Seljuk-Khwarazmid war (1230) | Khwarezm Shahs Seljuk rebels | Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm | Defeat | Khwarezmian last domains partitioned between Seljuks and Mongols | |
| Siege of Jerusalem (1244) |  Ayyubid Sultanate |  Kingdom of Jerusalem | Victory | Muslim capture of Jerusalen | |
| Ilkhanid dinasty (1256–1335) | |||||
Mongol invasions of Anatolia (1241–1335)
|  Mongol Empire |  Sultanate of Rum Anatolian Beyliks | Victory | Mongols adds the Anatolian domains to Persian-centered Ilkhanate. | |
| Siege of Baghdad (1258) | Mongol Empire |  Abbasid Caliphate | Victory |
| |
| Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) | Kublai Khan and his allies | Ariq Böke and his allies | Victory | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire | |
| Berke–Hulagu war (1262) |  Ilkhanate Supported by: |  Golden Horde Supported by: | Inconclusive | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire | |
| Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301) | Yuan dynasty
|  Chagatai Khanate
| Inconclusive | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire | |
| Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323) |  Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire
|  Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate
| Defeat | Mongols fail to conquer Egypt or get a formal Franco-Mongol alliance. | |
| Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318) | Yuan dynasty | Chagatai Khanate | Victory | Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire | |
| Timurid dynasty (1370–1507) | |||||
| Campaigns of Timur (1380–1402) |  Timurid dynasty | Muzaffarids Jalayirid Sultanate Tughlaq dynasty
| Victory |
| |
| Battle of Algami Canal (1402)
| Timurid dynasty |  Qara Qoyunlu | Victory | Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Qara Yusuf both escaped Iraq again and fled towards Egypt | |
| Timurid Civil Wars (1405–~1501) | Various factions | Various factions | Collapse of the dynasty | Rise of the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty | |
Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)
| Timurid dynasty |  Qara Qoyunlu | Defeat | Invasion repelled | |
| Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) | |||||
| Persian-Uzbek Wars (1502–1510) |  Safavid Empire | Uzbeks | Victory | Fall of the Shaybanid Empire | |
| Turkoman invasions of Georgia | Kingdom of Georgia
| Kara Koyunlu (1407–1468)
| Victory | End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia | |
| Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids (1506–1510) | Safavid Empire |  Yazidis | Victory | Uprising suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shir Sarim, was defeated in the battle | |
| Portuguese–Safavid wars (1507–1625) | Safavid Empire
|  Portuguese Empire Supported by:
| Victory | The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya. Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf. | |
| Battle of Chaldiran (1514) | Safavid Empire |  Ottoman Empire | Defeat | End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire | |
| Ismail I invasion of Georgia (1516–1522) | Safavid Empire Samtskhe-Saatabago rebels | Kingdom of Georgia | Stalemate | Initial Persian victories, putting vassal governors in Georgia. Then withdrawal after Ottoman intervention | |
| Battle of Jam (1528) | Safavid Empire | Uzbeks | Victory | Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquered Herat. | |
| Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523 (1532–1555),
| Safavid Empire Supported by:  | Ottoman Empire Supported by:  | Defeat | Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands | |
| Georgian-Safavid wars (1556–1659) | Safavid Empire |  Kingdom of Kartli | Stalemate | Persians subdue Georgian kingdoms as vassals of Safavids, but Georgians got restoration of its autonomy | |
| Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578) | Safavid Empire | Shaybanids | Victory | Uzbeks withdrew from northeastern Iran and Persians refused to pay them tribute. | |
| Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578 (1578–1590) | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Empire | Defeat | Treaty of Constantinople (1590) | |
| Battle of Herat (1598) | Safavid Empire |  Shaybanids | Victory | Khorasan returned to Persians | |
| Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (First Stage) (1603–1612) | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612) | |
| Siege of Dimdim (1609–1610) | Safavid Empire |  Emirate of Bradost | Victory | Uprising suppressed | |
| Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (Second Stage) (1612–1618) | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Serav (1618) | |
| Capture of Ormuz (1622) | Safavid Empire |  Iberian Union | Victory | Ormuz annexed to Persia | |
| Mughal–Safavid War of 1622 (1622–1623) | Safavid Empire |  Mughal Empire | Victory | Kandahar falls to Persia | |
| Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623 (1623–1639) | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Empire | Defeat | Permanent partition of the Caucasus; western Georgia and Western Armenia go to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern and southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control of Mesopotamia. | |
| Battle off Hormuz (1625)
|  English East India Company Supported by: |  Portuguese Empire | Draw | End of Portuguese influence on the Persian Gulf | |
| Capture of Julfar (1633)
| Safavid Empire |  Omani Empire | Defeat | Omanis captured the two forts on Ras Al Khaimah. | |
| Mughal–Safavid war of 1649 (1649–1653) | Safavid Empire | Mughal Empire | Victory | Persia recaptured Kandahar | |
| Russo-Persian War of 1651 (1651–1653) | Safavid Empire |  Russia | Victory | Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled | |
| Bakhtrioni uprising (1659) | Safavid Empire Turcoman tribes |  Kingdom of Kakheti aided by Tushetians, Pshavs, Khevsurs | Inconclusive | Kakheti remained under Persian rule | |
| 1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain (1717) | Safavid Empire | Omani Empire
| Defeat | Persian loss of Bahrain | |
| Sack of Shamakhi (1721) | Safavid Empire | Rebellious Sunni Lezgins | Defeat | The Shia population is massacred and the city, ransacked | |
| Russo-Persian War of 1722 (1722–1723) | Safavid Empire | Russian Empire Cossack Hetmanate Kingdom of Kartli Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels | Defeat | Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade. Partition of Iran with the Ottomans in Treaty of Constantinople (1724). | |
| Siege of Isfahan (1722) | Safavid Empire | Hotaki dynasty | Defeat (Regime change) | Afghan control of most of Iran | |
| Hotaki dynasty (1722–1729) | |||||
| Ottoman–Hotaki War 1724–1727 | Hotaki dynasty | Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Hamedan
| |
| Return of Safavids(Nader) (1726–1729) | Hotaki dynasty Supported by: | Safavid Dinasty | Defeat (Regime change) | End of the Hotaki dynasty | |
| Battle of Zarghan (1730) |  Safavid Empire | Hotaki dynasty | Victory | Afghans expelled from Iran (Persia) | |
| Herat campaign of 1731 (1731) | Safavid Empire Afghan loyalists | Sadozai Sultanate of Herat | Victory | Fall of Sadozai Sultanate of Herat | |
| Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735) | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory | Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus | |
| Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) | |||||
| Nader Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738) | .svg){kind=small} Afsharid dynasty | Hotaki dynasty | Victory | End of the Hotaki dynasty | |
| Nader conquest of the Persian Gulf (1738–1747) | Afsharid dynasty | Omani Empire | Victory | The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian Gulf until the collapse of the empire. | |
| Nader invasion of India (1738–1739) | Afsharid dynasty | Mughal Empire | Victory | Persian plundering of India | |
| Nader Conquest of Central Asia (1738–1740) | Afsharid dynasty | Khanate of Bukhara | Victory | Conquest of the Central Asian khanates | |
| Nader invasion of Daghestan (1741–1745) | Afsharid dynasty |
| Victory | The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan. | |
| Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743 (1743–1746) | Afsharid dynasty |  Ottoman Empire | Stalemate | Treaty of Kerden, Status quo ante bellum | |
| Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar (1747–1796) | Afsharid dynasty |  Qajar dynasty | Regime change | Mohammad Khan Qajar became the Shah of Iran. | |
| Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55) | Afsharids Khozeimeh Amirdom | Durrani Empire | Defeat | Afghan dominance in the region | |
| Zand dynasty (1751–1779) | |||||
| Campaign against Azad Khan (1754–1762) |  Zand dynasty |  Azad Khan Afghan | Victory | Azad Khan's surrender | |
| Bajalan uprising (1755) | Zand dynasty | Bajalan Tribe (Kurds[14]Bajalan Tribe[15]) | Victory | Uprising uppressed | |
| Ottoman-Persian War of 1775 (1755–1776) | Zand dynasty | Ottoman Empire | Victory | Persia captures Basra. | |
| Persian-Dutch War (1765) | Zand dynasty |  Dutch colonial empire | Victory | Kharg Island reconquered by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein | |
| Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain (1782–1783) |  Persia |  Sheikhdom of Kuwait | Defeat | Al Khalifa annexes Bahrain into its sheikhdom. | |
| Siege of Kerman (1794) | Zand dynasty | Qajar Dynasty | Defeat | Qajars conquer and sack Kerman. | |
| Qajar dynasty (1785–1925) | |||||
| Battle of Krtsanisi (1795) | Qajar Iran |  Kartli-Kakheti Imereti | Victory | Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranians. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia. | |
| Persian Expedition (1796) | Qajar Iran | Russian Empire | Victory |
| |
| Russo-Persian War of 1804 (1804–1813),
|  Qajar Iran Supported by: | Russian Empire Supported by: | Defeat | Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia. | |
| Battle of Kafir Qala (1818)
| Qajar Iran | Durrani Empire | Inconclusive | Both armies retreated | |
| Ottoman–Persian War of 1821 (1821–1823) | Qajar Iran |  Ottoman Empire | Victory | Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum | |
| Russo-Persian War of 1826 (1826–1828) | Qajar Iran | Russian Empire | Defeat | Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes its last Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary nation of Azerbaijan that were not ceded in 1813, as well as all of what is the current Republic of Armenia. | |
| Siege of Herat (1837–1838)
|  Qajar Iran Supported by: | Emirate of Herat Supported by: | Defeat | Successful Persian siege at Herat; breach eventually repelled; temporary British occupation of Kharg Island; Persian withdrawal from Herat | |
| Battle of Fort Tabarsi (1848–1849) | Qajar Iran | Bábís | Victory | Successful repression | |
| Siege of Herat (1856) |  Qajar Iran | Emirate of Herat Supported by: | Victory | Successful siege of Herat; continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris; installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat | |
| Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) |  Qajar Iran |  United Kingdom | Defeat | Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat. | |
| Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah (1879–1880) | Ottoman Empire Supported by: | Kurdish tribes | Victory | Successful repression | |
| Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) | Qajar Iran Supported by: | Iranian constitutionalists Supported by: Ottoman Empire  | Stalemate | ||
| Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah (1911–1913) | .svg){kind=small} Qajar Iran | Forces of Salar-al-Daulah | Victory | Rebellion suppressed | |
| Swedish intervention in Persia (1911–1916) | Qajar Iran | Anti-Qajar insurgents | Victory |
| |
| Persian Campaign (1914–1918)
| Qajar Iran Jungle Movement | Russian Empire Ottoman Empire | Stalemate |
| |
Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921)
| Qajar Iran Russian Empire (1915–1917)
| Jungle revolutionaries Supported by: | Victory |
| |
| Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922) | Qajar and Pahlavi Iran | Irregular Kurdish militias | Victory | Revolt suppressed | |
| Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920) | Qajar Iran | Mohammad Khiabani's forces | Victory | Revolt suppressed | |
| Pessian's revolt (1921) | Qajar Iran | Autonomous Government of Khorasan | Victory | Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian | |
| 1921 Persian coup d'état (1921) | Qajar Iran | Persian Cossack Brigade Supported by: | Defeat |
| |
| Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1924) | Qajar and Pahlavi Iran |  Sheikhdom of Mohammerah Supported by: | Victory |
| |
| Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) | |||||
| Simko Shikak revolt (1926) |  Iran | Irregular Kurdish militias | Victory | Revolt suppressed; Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq | |
| Jafar Sultan revolt (1931) | Iran | Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels | Victory | Revolt suppressed | |
| Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (1941)
| Iran |  Soviet Union United Kingdom | Defeat | Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran | |
| Hama Rashid revolt (1941–1944) | Iran | Kurdish tribesmen | Victory | Hama Rashid driven into Iraq | |
| Iran Crisis of 1946 (1945–1946) | Iran |  Mahabad AzerbaijanSupported by:  Soviet Union | Victory | Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan | |
| First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970) |  KDP Supported by:
| Before 1968: After 1968: | Stalemate |
| |
| Dhofar Rebellion (1963–1976)[21] | Iran Oman |  PFLOAG PFLO | Victory | Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman | |
| 1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967) | Iran | Revolutionary Committee leadership: | Victory | Kurdish revolt suppressed: | |
| Insurgency in Balochistan (1973–present) | Iran[21] | Baloch separatist groups Taliban-aligned groups Supported by: | Ongoing | Insurgency mostly repressed | |
| Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975) | KDP Supported by: |  Iraq | Defeat |
| |
| Arvand Conflict (1974–1975) | Iran | Iraq | Victory |
| |
| Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979) | |||||
| Iranian Revolution and Consolidation (1979–1983) |  Iran |  Imperial State | Islamic Republic victory | Rival political factions and separatist movements crushed Tens of thousands of political executions in the aftermath (7,900 from 1981 to 1985, 3,800 to 33,000 in 1988, unknown in 1986–1987 or 1979–1980) | |
| 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran (1979) | Iran |  KDP-I Supported by: | Victory | Iranian victory, but pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996. | |
| 1979 Khuzestan insurgency (1979) | Iran |  DRFLA
| Victory |
| |
Qatif conflict (1979–present)
| Iran Shia militants |  Saudi Arabia | Ongoing | Mostly repressed from 1983 to 2011 by Saudi government. Sunni government executes many Shia rebels. | |
| Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) | Iran KDP PUK Badr Brigades | Iraq  MEK PDKI | Stalemate | Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598. Return to status quo, observed by UNIIMOG | |
| Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)
| Islamic Jihad Organization Iran Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement | United Kingdom | Stalemate | Syrian Allied victory[25]
| |
| Tanker War (1984−1988) | Iran Supported by: | Iraq Supported by: | Ceasefire | UNSC Resolution 598 | |
| KDPI–Komala conflict (1984−1991) | Iran | KDP-I  Komala | Victory | Both armed forces debilitate and Iran maintain control of Iranian Kurdistan. | |
Iran–Israel proxy conflict (1985−present)
| Iran Supported by: |  IsraelSupported by:
| Ongoing | Iran-Israel conflicts continues
| |
| KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) | Iran | KDP-I | Victory | KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996. | |
| Arab civil unrest and insurgency on Khuzestan (1999−2020)
| Iran | Supported by:
| Victory | Revolts suppressed | |
| 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict (2000–2006) |  Hezbollah | Israel | Defeat | Israel maintains the territories | |
| War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) |  United States Northern Alliance |  Taliban  Al-Qaeda Foreign fighters | Victory |
| |
| Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) |  New Iraqi government Supported by:
| ||||
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