List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene

Map of North America

This list of North American animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 11,700 years on the North American continent. Animals recently extinct in the West Indies and Hawaii are in their own respective lists.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)[edit]

Armadillos, pampatheres, and glyptodonts (order Cingulata)[edit]

Chlamyphorid armadillos and glyptodonts (family Chlamyphoridae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North American glyptodont[1] Glyptotherium sp. Gulf of Mexico coast to northeastern Brazil Most recent remains at Quetzaltenango, Guatemala dated to 9948-9306 BCE.[2]

Anteaters and sloths (order Pilosa)[edit]

Megalonychid ground sloths (family Megalonychidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Jefferson's ground sloth Megalonyx jeffersoni Alaska to northern Mexico Most recent remains dated to 9540-9420 BCE.[3]
Xibalbaonyx oviceps Puerto Morelos, Mexico Most recent remains at El Zapote cenote dated to 8697-8355 BCE.[2]

Mylodonts (family Mylodontidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Harlan's ground sloth Paramylodon harlani Mexico, Southern and Western United States Most recent remains dated to 9880-8280 BCE.[3]

Nothrotheriid ground sloths (family Nothrotheriidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Shasta ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis California to Yucatan Most recent remains dated to 8725-8175 BCE.[3]

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)[edit]

Gomphotheres (family Gomphotheriidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cuvier's gomphothere[4] Cuvieronius hyodon Central America, northern and central Andes Most recent remains at Estanzuela, Guatemala dated to 9117-8793 BCE.[2]

Mastodons (family Mammutidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
American mastodon Mammut americanum North America Most recent remains dated to 7110-6810 BCE.[3]

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Columbian mammoth Mammuthus columbi Southern and Western United States, and northern Mexico Most recent remains dated to 8080-7700 BCE.[3]
Pygmy mammoth Mammuthus exilis Santa Rosae island, California Most recent remains dated to 9130-9030 BCE.[3]
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent remains at St. Paul, Alaska dated to 3635-3580 BCE.[5]

Sea cows (order Sirenia)[edit]

Dugongs (family Dugongidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Steller's sea cow Hydrodamalis gigas Bering Sea Most recent remains at Kiska, Alaska dated to 1710-1785 CE.[6]

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)[edit]

Pikas (family Ochotonidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Giant pika Ochotona whartoni Northern North America and possibly northeastern Siberia Most recent remains dated to 8301-7190 BCE.[7]

Rodents (order Rodentia)[edit]

Beavers (family Castoridae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Giant beaver Castoroides ohioensis North America Most recent remains at Wayne County, New York dated to 8250-8150 BCE.[8]

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Gull Island vole Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus Great Gull Island, New York Disappeared around 1900, when the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound were built.[9]
Anthony's woodrat Neotoma bryanti anthonyi Isla Todos Santos, Mexico Last recorded in 1926. Extinct due to predation by introduced feral cats.[10]
Bunker's woodrat Neotoma bryanti bunkeri Coronados Islands, Mexico Last recorded in 1931. Likely extinct due to depletion of food sources and predation by introduced cats.[11]
San Martín Island woodrat Neotoma bryanti martinensis Isla San Martín, Mexico Last recorded in the 1950s. Extinct due to predation by introduced cats.[12]
Nelson's rice rat Oryzomys nelsoni María Madre Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1897. Possibly extinct due to introduced black rats.[13]
Giant island deer mouse Peromyscus nesodytes Channel Islands of California Most recent remains at Cave of the Chimneys, San Miguel Island, dated to around 950 CE. If the species survived into historical times it might have become extinct due to overgrazing, increased wind and water erosion destroying its natural habitat.[14]
Pallid beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus Coastal Florida Last recorded in 1946. Extinct due to extensive habitat loss.[15]
Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Puebla deer mouse Peromyscus mekisturus Southeast Puebla, Mexico Last recorded in 1957. Possibly extinct due to habitat degradation caused by agriculture or climate change.[16]

Gophers (family Geomyidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Goff's pocket gopher Geomys pinetis goffi Pineda Ridge, Florida Last recorded in 1955.[17]
Tacoma pocket gopher Thomomys mazama tacomensis Tacoma-Steilacoom, Washington area Last collected in 1962. Extinct due to habitat alteration through residential development and gravel mining.[15]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)[edit]

Cats (family Felidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
North American sabertooth cat Smilodon fatalis Southern Alberta to northwestern South America Most recent remains dated to 7615-7305 BCE.[3]
Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Eastern cougar Population of the North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar) Eastern North America Last confirmed individual trapped in Somerset County, Maine in 1938.[18] Though named as a distinct subspecies in 1946, genetic research indicates that no population of North American cougars is different enough to warrant subspecies status, and the taxon P. c. couguar is not extinct as a result.[19]

Dogs (family Canidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kenai Peninsula wolf Canis lupus alces Kenai Peninsula, Alaska Exterminated through hunting, trapping, and poisoning by 1915. Wolves recolonized the Peninsula in 1962, a decade after predator eradication efforts were reduced.[20]
Newfoundland wolf Canis lupus beothucus Newfoundland Last known individual killed in 1896.[21]
Banks Island wolf Canis lupus bernardi Banks Island, Northwest Territories Last recorded between 1918 and 1952.[22] Considered a synonym of the arctic wolf (C. l. arctos) by some authors on morphological grounds.[23]
Cascade Mountains wolf Canis lupus fuscus Pacific Northwest Last recorded in 1940.[24] Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) by some authors.[23]
Mogollon mountain wolf Canis lupus mogollonensis Arizona Last recorded in 1935.[24] Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) or the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by different authors.[23]
Texas wolf Canis lupus monstrabilis Texas Last recorded in 1942.[24] Considered a synonym of the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by some authors.[23]
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf Canis lupus youngi Southern Rocky Mountains Last recorded in 1935.[24]
Florida black wolf Canis rufus floridanus Eastern United States Extinct by 1920 as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and loss of prey.[25]
Southern California kit fox Vulpes macrotis macrotis Southern California coast Last collected in 1903.[26]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi Southwestern United States and northern Mexico Extirpated from the wild in the early 1970s and reintroduced in 1998.[27]
Red wolf Canis rufus Southern and eastern United States Extinct in the wild by 1980 and reintroduced to eastern North Carolina in 1987. The species is threatened by human persecution and hybridization with coyotes.[28] Declined as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and hybridization with the coyote.[25]

Bears (family Ursidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Giant short-faced bear Arctodus simus North America Most recent remains dated to 8995-8845 BCE.[3]
Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
California grizzly bear Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) California Last recorded at Sequoia National Park in 1924.[29] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. californicus, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.[30]
Mexican grizzly bear Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) Aridoamerica Last known individual killed in northern Sonora in 1976.[31] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. nelsoni, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.[30]
Ungava brown bear Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) Ungava Peninsula, Quebec Known from subfossil remains, indigenous folklore and sporadic hunting records of the 18th and 19th centuries. Possible last sighting in 1942, but it could also have been a brown morph of the American black bear.[32]

Earless seals (family Phocidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caribbean monk seal Neomonachus tropicalis Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and the Gulf of Mexico Last recorded in southern Florida in 1922 and Yucatan in 1950.[33] It was intensely hunted for its skin and oil, and persecuted as a competitor by fishermen in later times.[34]

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sea mink Neogale macrodon Atlantic coast of Canada and New England Hunted to extinction by fur traders by about 1860. Later records up to 1894 are actually references to the American mink.[35]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Great Plains Extinct in the wild in 1987 and reintroduced in 1991. Declined due to persecution as agricultural pest of its main prey, the prairie dog; introduced diseases like canine distemper and plague, and conversion of grasslands to agriculture.[36]

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)[edit]

Horses and allies (family Equidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mexican horse Equus conversidens Western North America A small non-caballine species that coexisted in North America with the caballine horse (E. ferus).[37] The most recent remains were dated to 8965-8875 BCE.[3]
Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Wild horse Equus ferus Eurasia and the Americas Environmental DNA last detected in permafrost of central Yukon dated to 3979-2640 BCE.[38] The Yukon population has been identified at times as a different species of caballine horse (Equus lambei) and a wild ass (both Equus hemionus and Equus africanus) on morphological grounds, but ancient mtDNA studies confirms caballine affiliation.[37] Domestic horses were introduced to the Americas by the Spanish in 1493 and a feral population was established in Querétaro, Mexico by 1553.[39]

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)[edit]

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Western camel Camelops hesternus Western North America Most recent remains dated to 8170-7840 BCE.[3]

Peccaries (family Tayassuidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Flat-headed peccary Platygonus compressus Southern and eastern United States, and northern Mexico Most recent remains dated to 8990-8690 BCE.[3]

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)[edit]

Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Atlantic gray whale Population of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Last recorded in 1760. The same species survives on the Pacific Ocean.[40] A single individual, presumably dispersed over the Arctic, was observed off Florida in 2023 and Nantucket, Massachusetts in 2024.[41]

True deer (family Cervidae)[edit]

Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Stag-moose Cervalces scotti Great Lakes Region Most recent remains dated to 9230-8930 BCE.[3]
Eastern elk Population of the North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis canadensis) Eastern North America Traditionally considered the nominate subspecies, but genetic research indicates that there are not enough differences to consider separate subspecies of C. canadensis in North America, and the taxon C. c. canadensis is not extinct as a result.[42][43] The last confirmed individual was killed near the Clarion River of central Pennsylvania in 1867, though there were unconfirmed sightings in 1869-1870, and ten claimed killings in northern Pennsylvania in 1878. Western elk were reintroduced for hunting purposes in the same state in 1912.[44]
Merriam's elk Population of the North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis canadensis) New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas Named as the species Cervus merriami in 1902 on the basis of a single skull; in 1978, an anatomical review of a dozen individuals found just enough of a case to consider it a subspecies of Cervus elaphus (later C. canadensis). Further anatomical and genetic research suggest that all American wapiti likely belong to the same subspecies and that the taxon C. c. merriami is a synonym of C. c. canadensis. Wapiti from other regions have been reintroduced to the purported distribution area of Merriam's elk.[43]
Queen Charlotte Islands caribou Population of the caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Graham Island, British Columbia Described as the subspecies R. t. dawsoni in 1900 due to its isolated location and anatomical differences, but mtDNA studies in 2002 showed not enough differences to warrant separate status.[45] The last known herd was found in 1908, comprising two adult males, one female, and one calf; all but the calf were killed.[46]

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ancient bison Bison antiquus North America A transitional form between steppe bison and modern American bison whose more recent remains date to the early Holocene of Valsequillo basin in Puebla, Mexico. However the direct dating to 5271-5131 BCE is not calibrated and the remains could be older.[47] Other remains in North America have been dated to 8640-8500 BCE.[3]
Western bison Bison occidentalis Eastern Beringia Another transitional form to American bison that originated in a second dispersal of steppe bison across Beringia, and persisted in Alaska until around 220 CE.[48]
Steppe bison Bison priscus Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent remains at Whitehorse, Yukon dated to 3628-3377 BCE.[49]
Woodland muskox Bootherium bombifrons North America Most recent remains dated to 9110-8950 BCE.[3]
Shrub-ox Euceratherium collinum Western United States and Mexico Most recent remains dated to 9830-9530 BCE.[3]
Harrington's mountain goat Oreamnos harringtoni Southern Rocky Mountains Most recent remains at Rampart Cave, Arizona dated to 11099-8478 BCE.[50]
Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Wild yak[51] Bos mutus Tibet to eastern Siberia and Beringia Environmental DNA last detected in permafrost of central Yukon dated to 8231-7959 BCE.[38]

Birds (class Aves)[edit]

Landfowl (order Galliformes)[edit]

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Californian turkey Meleagris californica California Most recent remains dated to 9100-8380 BCE. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[52]
Southwestern turkey Meleagris crassipes New Mexico Most recent remains dated to 11510-8770 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Heath hen Tympanuchus cupido cupido East coast of the United States Last individual, a male, died in Martha's Vineyard in 1932.[53]
New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi New Mexico and possibly Colorado Last individual killed in Colfax County, New Mexico in 1952.[53]

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)[edit]

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Schneider's teal Anas schneideri Little Box Elder Cave, Wyoming Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Labrador duck Camptorhynchus labradorius Atlantic coast of Canada and New England Last confirmed individual killed in 1875; unconfirmed in 1878.[53]
Law's diving-goose Chendytes lawi Coastal California and Oregon Most recent remains at Ventura County, California dated to 770-400 BCE.[54]

Grebes (order Podicipediformes)[edit]

Grebes (family Podicipedidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Atitlán grebe Podilymbus gigas Lake Atitlán, Guatemala Extinct in 1983-1986 due to competition and predation by introduced largemouth bass, reed-cutting for tourism development, falling water levels after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, drowning in gill nets and disturbance by boat traffic.[55]

Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (order Apodiformes)[edit]

Hummingbirds (family Trochillidae)[edit]

Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Guanacaste hummingbird Amazilia alfaroana Miravalles Volcano, Costa Rica Only known from the holotype collected in 1895. The cause of extinction is unknown, but could be related to habitat loss caused by agriculture.[56][53]

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)[edit]

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius Eastern North America One of the most numerous birds at the beginning of the 19th century, it declined dramatically as a result of hunting, Newcastle disease, and the clearance of hardwood trees in which it fed, until the last individual in the wild was shot in 1900. The last captive individual, Martha, died at Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.[57]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Socorro dove Zenaida graysoni Socorro Island, Mexico Last recorded in the wild in 1972. It declined as a result of predation by introduced cats, hunting, and habitat degradation caused by feral goats and Central American locusts. Individuals survive in captivity in the United States, though several are hybridized with the mourning dove (Z. macroura).[58]

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)[edit]

Rails (family Rallidae)[edit]

Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Goldman's yellow rail Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani Lerma River, Mexico Last recorded in 1964.[53]

Cranes (family Gruidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Page's crane Grus pagei Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)[edit]

Plovers, dotterels, and lapwings (family Charadriidae)[edit]

Scientific name Range Comments
Vanellus downsi Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)[edit]

Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis Americas Last confirmed record in Nebraska in 1987; an unconfirmed sighting happened in Manitoba in 1996. Declined due to hunting, conversion of prairies for agriculture, and the suppression of the fire regime. The breeding grounds in the Arctic have since been taken over by the larger Hudsonian whimbrel.[59] Another factor may have been the extinction of the Rocky Mountain locust.[60]

Auks (family Alcidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Great auk Pinguinus impennis Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean Last recorded off the Newfoundland Banks in 1852. It was hunted to extinction.[61]

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)[edit]

Northern storm petrels (family Hydrobatidae)[edit]

Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Guadalupe storm-petrel Hydrobates macrodactylus Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1912. Likely extinct due to breeding habitat degradation by introduced feral goats and predation by feral cats and dogs; however the natural difficulty of its detection, lack of thorough surveys in the breeding season after 1906 and reports of unidentified storm-petrel calls at night may indicate that it is still extant.[62]

Storks and allies (order Ciconiiformes)[edit]

Storks (family Ciconiidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
La Brea stork Ciconia maltha Americas Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]

New World vultures (order Cathartiformes)[edit]

New World vultures and condors (family Cathartidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Painted vulture Sarcoramphus sacra Florida Hypothetical species known from a 1774 description by William Bartram. Though traditionally dismissed as a hoax or incorrect description of a king vulture from Central and South America (S. papa), which it resembled in everything except the tail's coloration and more predatory behavior, a 1734 account of the same bird and painting by Eleazar Albin, and a 1786 depiction of the tail feathers as part of a standard used by the Muscogee king Mico Chlucco suggest that it was an actual extirpated Floridan population of the king vulture, subspecies, or related species.[63]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
California condor Gymnogyps californianus North America Extinct in the wild in 1987 and reintroduced in 1992.[64]

Teratorns (family Teratornithidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Slender teratorn Cathartornis gracilis Southern California Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Merriam's teratorn Teratornis merriami Southern California to northern Arizona Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)[edit]

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Daggett's eagle Buteogallus daggetti Southwestern United States and Nuevo León, Mexico Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Woodward's eagle Buteogallus woodwardi California to Florida and the Caribbean Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Neophrontops americanus Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 10230-7630 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Grinnell's hawk-eagle Spizaetus grinnelli Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]

Owls (order Strigiformes)[edit]

True owls (family Strigidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Socorro elf owl Micrathene whitneyi graysoni Socorro Island, Mexico Last recorded around 1970. Likely extinct due to predation by introduced cats.[53]
La Brea owl Oraristrix brea Southern California Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52] (center)

Falcons (order Falconiformes)[edit]

Falcons and caracaras (family Falconidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Guadalupe caracara Caracara lutosa Guadalupe Island, Mexico Deliberately exterminated by settlers in 1903.[65]

Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)[edit]

Woodpeckers (family Picidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Guadalupe flicker Colaptes auratus rufipileus Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last collected in 1906. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats.[53]
Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Imperial woodpecker Campephilus imperialis North-central Mexico Last confirmed record in Durango in 1956, but unconfirmed sightings continued until 2005 in the Copper Canyon of Chihuahua. Declined due to habitat destruction and poisoning by loggers, along with hunting for sport, food, and traditional medicine.[66]
American ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis principalis Southern United States Last confirmed record in north-eastern Louisiana in 1944. Several unconfirmed sightings, video and sound records were made in eastern Arkansas in 2004, the Choctawhatchee River in Florida in 2005-2007, and 2006-2007 in Louisiana. Declined due to hunting, logging and forest clearance for agriculture.[67]

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)[edit]

Holotropical parrots (family Psittacidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis Eastern and Central United States Last collected in the wild near Lake Okeechobee, Florida in 1904 though unconfirmed reports continued until the 1930s. The last captive individual died in Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. Declined due to hunting, persecution by crop farmers, deforestation, and competition with introduced bees.[68]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)[edit]

True finches (family Fringillidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
McGregor's house finch Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori San Benito and Cedros Islands, Mexico Last recorded in 1938.[53]

New World blackbirds (family Icteridae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Large-billed black bird Euphagus magnirostris California to Venezuela and Peru Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Convex-billed cowbird Pandanaris convexa California and Florida to Peru Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Pyelorhamphus molothroides Shelter Cave, New Mexico Most recent remains dated to 29300-9380 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Slender-billed grackle Quiscalus palustris Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico Last collected in 1910.[53] Extinct due to the draining of its marsh habitat.[69]

New World sparrows (family Passerellidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Dusky seaside sparrow Ammospiza maritima nigrescens Merritt Island and Titusville, Florida Declined due to DDT use in marshes and habitat loss caused by dam construction. In 1981 the last five individuals, all male, were captured and taken into captivity.[53] However, a proposed plan to hybridize them with Scott's seaside sparrow and select the offspring with most dusky ancestry wasn't allowed because of legal restrictions against hybridizing endangered taxa.[70] The last individual died in Walt Disney World's Discovery Island Zoological Park in Orlando, Florida in 1987.[53]
Pipilo angelensis Rancho La Brea, California Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).[52]
Guadalupe towhee Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to destruction of nesting habitat by introduced goats, and predation by cats.[53]
Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow Spizella wortheni browni Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico Last recorded in 1961. Extinct due to habitat loss to agriculture, overgrazing and erosion by cattle herding, and decline of native herbivores which maintained the bird's habitat.[53]

Wrens (family Troglodytidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
San Benedicto rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus exsul San Benedicto Island, Mexico Wiped out by the eruption of El Boquerón volcano in 1952.[53]
Guadalupe wren Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda Guadalupe Island, Mexico Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats.[53]
San Clemente wren Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys San Clemente Island, California Last recorded in 1968. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats and sheep.[53]

New World warblers (family Parulidae)[edit]

Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bachman's warbler Vermivora bachmanii Southeastern United States and Cuba Last recorded in Louisiana in 1988. Declined due to habitat loss caused by deforestation and marshland draining, followed by intensive hunting by bird collectionists as it became rare.[53]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)[edit]

Turtles and tortoises (order Testudines)[edit]

Mud and musk turtles (family Kinosternidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Viesca mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Viesca Lake, southwestern Coahuila, Mexico Only known from the type series collected in 1961. The lake has since been drained by humans.[71]

Tortoises (family Testudinidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Southeastern giant tortoise Hesperotestudo crassiscutata Southern United States Most recent remains dated to around 9515 BCE.[72]
Wilson's tortoise Hesperotestudo wilsoni Southwestern United States Most recent remains dated to around 9050 BCE.[72]

Amphibians (class Amphibia)[edit]

Frogs (order Anura)[edit]

True toads (family Bufonidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chiriqui harlequin frog Atelopus chiriquiensis Talamanca-Chiriqui Mountains, Costa Rica Last recorded in 1996. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.[73]
Pass stubfoot toad Atelopus senex Central Costa Rica Last recorded in 1986. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.[74]
Golden toad Incilius periglenes Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica Last recorded in 1989. Probably extinct due to climate change, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.[75]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Wyoming toad Anaxyrus baxteri Laramie Basin, Wyoming Survives only at the four-times impounded Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge, where it last reproduced naturally in 1991 and is re-stocked annually with captive born toadlets. The species is affected by chytridiomycosis, bacteria, pesticides, irrigation practices, lack of genetic diversity, predation by mustelids, drought, increased salinity, and expansion of the salt cedar which reduces habitat suitability.[76]
Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki El Valle de Antón and Cerro Campana, Panama Last recorded in the wild in 2009. The species is mainly threatened by chytridiomycosis, but also deforestation, water pollution, collection for the pet trade, and increased sedimentation of streams caused by road construction.[77]

Freshbelly frogs (family Craugastoridae)[edit]

Scientific name Range Comments
Craugastor myllomyllon Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala Last recorded in 1978. Its natural habitat was destroyed by agriculture.[78]
Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
McCranie's robber frog Craugastor chrysozetetes La Ceiba, Atlántida Department, Honduras Last recorded in 1989. Possibly extinct due to catastrophic landslides caused by Hurricane Mitch, or chytridiomycosis.[79]

Poison dart frogs (family Dendrobatidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Splendid poison frog Oophaga speciosa Western Panama Last recorded in 1992. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.[80]

Tree frogs and allies (family Hylidae)[edit]

Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog Ecnomiohyla rabborum El Valle de Antón, Panama Last recorded in the wild in 2008, two years after chytridiomycosis invaded its natural habitat.[81] The last captive animal, a male named Toughie, died at the Atlanta Botanical Garden in 2016.[82]

Salamanders (order Urodela)[edit]

Lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Ainsworth's salamander Plethodon ainsworthi Jasper County, Mississippi Last recorded in 1964. Possibly extinct due to deforestation.[83]
Jalpa false brook salamander Pseudoeurycea exspectata Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala Last recorded in 1976. Possibly extinct due to habitat loss to farming and logging.[84]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)[edit]

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)[edit]

Suckers (family Catostomidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Snake River sucker Chasmistes muriei Jackson Lake, Wyoming and possibly the Snake River Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. Likely extinct due to hybridization with the Utah sucker after the Jackson Lake Dam was built and blocked spawning migration.[85]
Harelip sucker Lagochila lacera Southeastern United States Last collected in 1893. Though originally abundant and widely spread, the species inhabited only deep clearwater pools and fed almost entirely on molluscs. It likely became extinct due to increased siltation and turbidity caused by agriculture practices, which both reduced the number of molluscs and made them more difficult to find.[85]

Carps and minnows (family Cyprinidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maravillas red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis blairi Maravillas Creek, Texas Last collected in 1954. Exterminated by introduced plains killifish.[85]
Mexican dace Evarra bustamantei Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels in the Valley of Mexico Last collected in 1970. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.[86]
Plateau chub Evarra eigenmanni Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels Last collected in 1954. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.[87]
Endorheic chub Evarra tlahuacensis Lake Chalco in the Valley of Mexico Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to habitat destruction and water pollution.[88]
Independence Valley tui chub Gila bicolor isolata Warm Springs, Nevada Last collected in 1966. Likely exterminated by introduced largemouth bass.[85]
Thicktail chub Gila crassicauda California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay Last collected in 1957. Extinct due to the conversion of the Central Valley to intensive agriculture, marsh draining, channelization of rivers and introduction of extotic fish species.[85]
Pahranagat spinedace Lepidomeda altivelis Pahranagat Valley, Nevada Last collected in 1938. Extinct due to predation by, and competition with the mosquitofish and other introduced species.[85]
Durango shiner Notropis aulidion Tunal River, Durango, Mexico Last collected in 1961. Possibly extinct due to pollution, competition and predation by the largemouth bass and other introduced species.[85]
Salado shiner Notropis saladonis Salado River, Mexico Not found in any sampling expeditions launched since 1988. The reasons of extinction are unknown.[89]
Rio Grande bluntnose shiner Notropis simus simus Upper Rio Grande and the Pecos River Last collected in 1964. Possibly extinct due to changes in the water flow caused by dams, irrigation, and channelization, along with competition from introduced species.[85]
Phantom shiner Notropis orca Rio Grande The only pure individual known is the holotype taken in 1975, though hybrids with the bluntnose shiner are known as far as 1891. Possibly extinct due to changes to the water flow (which increased hybridization), increased salinity caused by irrigation, and introduced fish species.[85]
Clear Lake splittail Pogonichthys ciscoides Clear Lake and its tributaries, California Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to extreme eutrophication of the lake caused by agriculture.[85]
Banff longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae smithi Banff National Park, Alberta Extinct since 1986.[90] Declined after the introduction of several exotic species including mosquitofishes, sailfin mollies, guppies, convict cichlids, and green swordtails, followed by the alteration of water flows related to the use of hotsprings as public baths and sewage spillage. As numbers fell the subspecies became more vulnerable to hybridization with R. c. cataractae, which caused its final extinction.[85]
Las Vegas dace Rhinichthys deaconi Las Vegas Valley, Nevada Last collected in 1940. The springs it inhabited were destroyed during the urban development of Las Vegas.[85]
Grass Valley speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus reliquus Lander County, Nevada Known only from the type series of 474 specimens collected in 1938. Though abundant in this time, it was completely gone and replaced by introduced rainbow trout and brook trout when a second collection attempt was made in 1969.[85]
Stumptooth minnow Stypodon signifer Southern Coahuila, Mexico Last collected in 1903. It was a mollusc-eating specialist, and molluscs were greatly affected by habitat modification and pollution caused by agriculture.[85]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Ameca shiner Notropis amecae Ameca River, Jalisco, Mexico Last found in the wild in 2008. Captive individuals were reintroduced in 2016, but it is unclear if the new population is viable. The exact cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to water extraction has been suggested.[91]

Catfishes (order Siluriformes)[edit]

Ictalurids (family Ictaluridae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Scioto madtom Noturus trautmani Big Darby Creek, Ohio Last collected in 1957. The cause of extinction is unknown.[92]

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)[edit]

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Longjaw cisco Coregonus alpenae Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Huron Last collected in Lake Erie in 1957, in Lake Michigan in 1967, and in Lake Huron in 1975. Extinct due to overfishing, predation by the sea lamprey which colonized the lakes in the 1940s, and hybridization with other ciscoes.[85]
Deepwater cisco Coregonus johannae Lakes Michigan and Huron Last collected in Lake Michigan in 1951, and in Lake Huron in 1952. Extinct due to overfishing, sea lamprey predation, and hybridization with other ciscoes.[85]
Lake Ontario kiyi Coregonus kiyi orientalis Lake Ontario 1964[85]
Blackfin cisco Coregonus nigripinnis Lakes Michigan and Huron 1969[85]
Yellowfin cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi Twin Lakes, Colorado 1910[85]
Alvord cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki ssp. Alvord Basin in Oregon and Nevada early 1930s[85]
Silver trout Salvelinus agassizi Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire 1930[85]
Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Huron Last collected in 1985. Declined due to overfishing and sea lamprey predation.[93]

Silversides (order Atheriniformes)[edit]

Neotropical silversides (family Atherinopsidae)[edit]

Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Alberca silverside Chirostoma bartoni La Alberca caldera, Lerma River basin, Mexico 2006[94]
Least silverside Chirostoma charari La Mintzita spring, Michoacan, Mexico 1957[95]

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)[edit]

Pupfishes (family Cyprinodontidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Villa Lopez pupfish Cyprinodon ceciliae Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico before 1992[96]
Cachorrito de la Trinidad Cyprinodon inmemoriam Ojo La Trinidad, northern Mexico 1984[97]
Tecopa pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae Tecopa Hot Springs, California 1982[98]
Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico 2012[99]
Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Perrito de Parras Cyprinodon latifasciatus Parras drainage basin, Coahuila, Mexico 2012[100]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Potosi pupfish Cyprinodon alvarezi Potosí Spring, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico 1994[101]
La Palma pupfish Cyprinodon longidorsalis Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico 1994[102]
Charco Palma pupfish Cyprinodon veronicae 1995[103]

Topminnows and North American killifishes (family Fundulidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Whiteline topminnow Fundulus albolineatus Huntsville, Alabama 1889[85]

Splitfins (family Goodeidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Parras characodon Characodon garmani Southern Coahuila, Mexico 1880s[85]
Raycraft Ranch killifish Empetrichthys latos concavus Pahrump Valley, Nevada 1953[85]
Pahrump Ranch poolfish Empetrichthys latos pahrump Nye County, Nevada 1958[85]
Ash Meadows killifish Empetrichthys merriami Ash Meadows, Nevada 1948[85]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Banded allotoca Allotoca goslinei Jalisco, Mexico 2004[104]
Golden skiffia Skiffia francesae Jalisco, Mexico 2010[105]

Poeciliids (family Poeciliidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Amistad gambusia Gambusia amistadensis Goodenough Spring, Texas 1968[85]
San Marcos gambusia Gambusia georgei San Marcos River and spring, Texas 1983[106]
Possibly extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Graceful priapella Priapella bonita Motzorongo River, Veracruz, Mexico 1965[107]
Extinct in the wild[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Monterrey platyfish Xiphophorus couchianus Atlantic slope of Mexico 1967[108]
Marbled swordtail Xiphophorus meyeri Melchor Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico 1997[109]

Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)[edit]

Cottids (family Cottidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Utah Lake sculpin Cottus echinatus Utah Lake 1928[85]

Sticklebacks (family Gasterosteidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Hadley Lake sticklebacks Gasterosteus spp. Hadley Lake, British Columbia 1999[110]

Perchs and allies (order Perciformes)[edit]

Perchs (family Percidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maryland darter Etheostoma sellare Lower Susquehanna River, United States 1988[111]
Blue walleye Sander vitreus glaucus Lakes Ontario and Erie, and Niagara River 1958[98]

Malacostracans (class Malacostraca)[edit]

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Cambarellus alvarezi 1991[112] Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico
Sooty crayfish
Pacifastacus nigrescens
19th century[113] San Francisco Bay, California, United States
Sandhills crayfish
Procambarus angustatus
1958[114] Sand Hills, Georgia, United States
Pasadena freshwater shrimp
Syncaris pasadenae
1933[115] Los Angeles River drainage basin, California, United States


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Hemigrapsus estellinensis 1962[116] Estelline Hot Spring, Texas, United States
White Spring cave crayfish
Cambarus veitchorum
1968 White Spring Cave, Limestone County, Alabama, United States
Bigcheek cave crayfish
Procambarus delicatus
1976 single spring in Ocala National Forest, Lake County, Florida, United States


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Socorro isopod
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
1988[117] Sedillo Spring, Socorro County, New Mexico

Insects (class Insecta)[edit]

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Robert's stonefly
Alloperla roberti
United States[118]
Chestnut casebearer moth
Coleophora leucochrysella
United States[119]
Mono Lake diving beetle
Hygrotus artus
United States[120]
Castle Lake caddisfly
Rhyacophila amabilis
United States[121]
Volutine stoneyian tabanid fly
Stonemyia velutina
United States[122]
Chestnut clearwing moth
Tischeria perplexa
United States[123]
Athens caddisfly
Triaenodes phalacris
United States[124]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Pecatonica River mayfly
Acanthometropus pecatonica
1927[125] United States
Chestnut ermine moth
Argyresthia castaneella
1923[126] United States
California condor louse
Colpocephalum californici
c. 1985[7] North America
Central Valley grasshopper
Conozoa hyalina
1953[127] Central Valley, California, United States
Phleophagan chestnut moth
Ectoedemia phleophaga
1900s[128] United States
Xerces blue butterfly
Glaucopsyche xerces
before 1941[129] San Francisco, California, United States
Rocky Mountain locust
Melanoplus spretus
1902[130] Northern Rocky Mountains
Antioch Dunes shieldback katydid
Neduba extincta
1937[131] United States
Oeobia sp. nov. 1911[132] United States
Robust burrowing mayfly
Pentagenia robusta
1926[133] Ohio River area, United States
Three-toothed caddisfly
Triaenodes tridontus
1991[134] United States
Fort Ross weevil
Trigonoscuta rossi
1975[135] Fort Ross, California, United States
Yorba Linda weevil
Trigonoscuta yorbalindae
1975[136] Yorba Linda desert dunes, California, United States

Arachnids (class Arachnida)[edit]

Order Mesostigmata[edit]

Family Halarachnidae[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caribbean monk seal nasal mite Halarachne americana Caribbean Sea Extinct with its host.[137]

Molluscs[edit]

Undated[edit]

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Carolina elktoe
Alasmidonta robusta
North and South Carolina, United States[138]
Shoal sprite
Amphigyra alabamensis
Alabama, United States[139]
Boulder snail
Athearnia crassa
Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia, United States[140]
Umbilicate pebblesnail
Clappia umbilicata
Alabama, United States[141]
Short-spired elimia
Elimia brevis
Alabama, United States[142]
Closed elimia
Elimia clausa
St. Clair County, Alabama, United States[143]
Fusiform elimia
Elimia fusiformis
Coosa River, Alabama, United States[144]
Shouldered elimia
Elimia gibbera
Alabama, United States[145]
High-spired elimia
Elimia hartmaniana
United States[146]
Constricted elimia
Elimia impressa
Alabama, United States[147]
Hearty elimia
Elimia jonesi
Coosa River, Alabama, United States[148]
Ribbed elimia
Elimia laeta
Alabama, United States[149]
Wrinkled elimia
Elimia macglameriana
Alabama and Georgia, United States[150]
Pupa elimia
Elimia pupaeformis
Alabama, United States[151]
Pygmy elimia
Elimia pygmaea
Alabama, United States[152]
Rough-lined elimia
Elimia pilsbryi
Coosa River, Alabama, United States[153]
Cobble elimia
Elimia vanuxemiana
Alabama, United States[154]
Round slitshell
Gyrotoma walkeri
Alabama, United States[155]
Agate rocksnail
Leptoxis clipeata
Alabama, United States[156]
Maiden rocksnail
Leptoxis formosa
Alabama and Georgia, United States[157]
Rotund rocksnail
Leptoxis ligata
Alabama, United States[158]
Lyrate rocksnail
Leptoxis lirata
Alabama, United States[159]
Bigmouth rocksnail
Leptoxis occultata
Alabama, United States[160]
Coosa rocksnail
Leptoxis showalterii
United States[161]
Squat rocksnail
Leptoxis torrefacta
United States[162]
Striped rocksnail
Leptoxis vittata
United States[163]
Carinate flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis carinatus
United States[164]
Angled flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis smithi
United States[165]
Umbilicate flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis umbilicatus
United States[166]
Fish Lake physa
Physella microstriata
Utah, United States[167]
Acorn ramshell
Planorbella multivolvis
Michigan, United States[168]
Highnut
Pleurobema fibuloides
United States[169]
Longnut
Pleurobema nucleopsis
United States[170]
Alabama clubshell
Pleurobema troschelianum
Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia, United States[171]
True pigtoe
Pleurobema verum
Alabama, United States[172]
Corded purg
Pyrgulopsis nevadensis
Nevada, United States[173]
Oachita pebblesnail
Somatogyrus amnicoloides
Arkansas, United States[174]
Tennessee pebblesnail
Somatogyrus currierianus
Alabama, United States[175]
Channeled pebblesnail
Somatogyrus wheeleri
Arkansas, United States[176]

Recent[edit]

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Coosa elktoe
Alasmidonta mccordi
1964[7] Coosa River, Alabama, United States
Ochlockonee arcmussel
Alasmidonta wrightiana
1930s[7] Ochlockonee River, Florida, United States
Cahaba pebblesnail
Clappia cahabensis
1965[177] Cahaba River, Alabama, United States
Arc-form pearly mussel
Epioblasma arcaeformis
1940s[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[178]
Angled riffleshell
Epioblasma biemarginata
1970[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[179]
Arcuate pearly mussel
Epioblasma flexuosa
1920s-1930s[7] Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States[180]
Curtis pearly mussel
Epioblasma florentina curtisi
1990s[7] Little Black River, Missouri, United States
Yellow blossom
Epioblasma florentina florentina
1940s[7] Holston River, Tennessee, United States
Acorn pearly mussel
Epioblasma haysiana
1970[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[181]
Stone's pearly mussel
Epioblasma lenior
1967[182] Tennessee River system, United States
Lewis pearly mussel
Epioblasma lewisii
1950[7] Cumberland and Tennessee River systems, United States[183]
Upland combshell
Epioblasma metastriata
1980s[7] Conasauga River, Georgia, United States
Southern acornshell
Epioblasma othcaloogensis
1970s[7] Conasauga River, Georgia, United States
Fine-rayed pearly mussel
Epioblasma personata
1924[184] Tennessee, Ohio, and Wabash River systems, United States
Nearby pearly mussel
Epioblasma propinqua
1936[7] Tennessee, Cumberland, Ohio, and Wabash River systems, United States[185]
Sampson's pearly mussel
Epioblasma sampsonii
1930s-1940s[7] Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana, United States[186]
Steward's pearly mussel
Epioblasma stewardsonii
1940s[7] Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States[187]
Green-blossom pearly mussel
Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum
1984[188] Tennessee River system, United States
Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel
Epioblasma torulosa torulosa
1970s[7] Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States[189]
Turgid-blossom pearly mussel
Epioblasma turgidula
1976[7] Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States[190]
Excised slitshell
Gyrotoma excisa
1924[191] Alabama, United States
Striate slitshell
Gyrotoma lewisii
1924[192] Alabama, United States
Pagoda slitshell
Gyrotoma pagoda
1924[193] Alabama, United States
Ribbed slitshell
Gyrotoma pumila
1924[194] Alabama, United States
Pyramid slitshell
Gyrotoma pyramidata
1924[195] Alabama, United States
Lined pocketbook
Lampsilis binominata
1970s[7] Flint River, Georgia, United States
Eelgrass limpet
Lottia alveus
1929[110] Atlantic Canada[110] and the United States[196]
Olive marstonia
Marstonia olivacea
1940[197] Big Sprink Creek, Madison County, Alabama, United States
Little flat-top snail
Neoplanorbis tantillus
c. 1914-1967[198] Coosa River, Alabama, United States
Black clubshell
Pleurobema curtum
1990s[7] East Fork Tombigbee River, Mississippi, United States
Flat pigtoe
Pleurobema marshalli
1984[7] Tombigbee River, Mississippi and Alabama, United States
Rio Grande monkeyface
Quadrula couchiana
early 1900s[7] Rio Grande
Stirrup shell
Quadrula stapes
1980s[7] Sipsey River, Alabama, United States
Thick-lipped pebblesnail
Somatogyrus crassilabris
1915[199] White River, Baxter County, Arkansas, United States

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
  2. ^ a b c Stinnesbeck, S.R. (2020) Mexican Fossil Ground Sloths: A Case Study for Late Pleistocene Megafaunal Turnover in the Mexican Corridor. Doctoral dissertation.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o de Alvarenga Araujo, B. B. (2013) Pleistocene-Holocene Extinctions: Distinguishing Between Anthropic and Climatic Causes.
  4. ^ Lucas, S. G. Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico - A brief history. Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico: Bulletin 68, 68, 1.
  5. ^ Graham, R.W. et al. (2016). Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9310-9314.
  6. ^ Domning, D. P., Thomason, J., & Corbett, D. G. (2007). "Steller's sea cow in the Aleutian Islands". Marine Mammal Science, 23 (4), 976-983.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  8. ^ Feranec, R.S., & Kozlowski, A.L. (2010) "AMS radiocarbon dates from Pleistocene and Holocene mammals housed in the New York state museum, Albany, New York, USA". Radiocarbon, 52 (1), 205-208.
  9. ^ Williams, J. D., & Dodd Jr, C. K. (1978). "Importance of wetlands to endangered and threatened species". In Wetland Functions and Values: The State of Our Understanding, 565-575.
  10. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. anthonyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14576A124171511. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14576A124171511.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  11. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. bunkeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14577A124171652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14577A124171652.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  12. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. martinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14580A124171713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14580A124171713.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
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  15. ^ a b Hafner, D.J. (1998) North American Rodents: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, 171 pages.
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  18. ^ Bolgiano, C. & Roberts, J. (2005) The Eastern Cougar: Historic Accounts, Scientific Investigations, and New Evidence. Stackpole Books, 246 pages.
  19. ^ Evanitsky, Maya N.; George, Richard J.; Johnson, Stephen; Dowell, Stephanie; Perry, George H. (10 November 2017). "Mitochondrial genomes of the regionally extinct Nittany Lion (Puma concolor from Pennsylvania)". bioRxiv 10.1101/214510.
  20. ^ Bangs, E.E. et al. (1982) "Effects of increased human populations on wildlife resources of the Kenai Peninsula". In Transactions of the Forty-Seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, ed. Kenneth Sabol (Washington, D.C., 1982)
  21. ^ Glover, A. (1942) Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Western Hemisphere, With the Marine Species of All the Oceans. American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 205-206.
  22. ^ Carbyn, L.N. et al. (1995) Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. University of Alberta Press, 620 pages.
  23. ^ a b c d Chambers, S. M., Fain, S. R., Fazio, B., & Amaral, M. (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna, (77), 1-67.
  24. ^ a b c d Bergman, C. (2003). "10 - Partial List of Extinctions". Wild Echoes: Encounters with the Most Endangered Animals in North America. University of Illinois Press. p. 256. ISBN 0-252-07125-5.
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  27. ^ Hendricks, S. A., Clee, P. R. S., Harrigan, R. J., Pollinger, J. P., Freedman, A. H., Callas, R., ... & Wayne, R. K. (2016). "Re-defining historical geographic range in species with sparse records: implications for the Mexican wolf reintroduction program". Biological Conservation, 194, 48-57.
  28. ^ Phillips, M. (2020) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Canis rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3747A163509841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3747A163509841.en. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
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