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DeutschList of British Jewish scientists
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List of British Jewish scientists is a list that includes scientists from the United Kingdom and its predecessor states who are or were Jewish or of Jewish descent.
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Physicists[edit]
- Petrus Alphonsi, Spanish (not British) astronomer and doctor[1]
- Edward Neville da Costa Andrade[2]
- Sir Michael Berry,[3] mathematical physicist[4]
- Moses Blackman[5]
- David Bohm,[6] physicist, philosopher
- Sir Hermann Bondi,[7] Austrian-born British cosmologist
- Max Born,[8][9] physicist, Nobel Prize 1954 (converted to Lutheranism)[10]
- Samuel Devons, physicist[4]
- Cyril Domb,[3] physicist, President of Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists
- Paul Eisler,[11][12] inventor of the printed circuit board
- Michael Fisher[3]
- Otto Robert Frisch[13][14]
- Herbert Frohlich[15]
- Dennis Gabor,[16][17][18] Nobel Prize for Physics 1971
- Sir David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons,[19] scientist and inventor
- Jeffrey Goldstone[4]
- Ian Grant[4]
- Sir Peter Hirsch, physicist[20]
- Herbert Huppert, 1987[4]
- Brian David Josephson,[17] physicist, 1973 Nobel Prize
- George Kalmus, 1988[4]
- Andrew Keller[21]
- Olga Kennard, crystallographer 1987[4]
- Rudolf Kompfner,[22] invented the traveling wave tube
- Hans Kronberger,[23] nuclear physicist
- Nicholas Kurti,[24] physicist, Vice-President of the Royal Society 1965-67[25]
- Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell,[26] physicist and politician
- Henry Lipson[15]
- Sir Ben Lockspeiser[15]
- Stanley Mandelstam[4]
- Kurt Mendelssohn[27]
- Leon Mestel, astronomer[28]
- F.R. Nunes Nabarro[4]
- Rudolf Peierls[29]
- Michael Pepper[4]
- Sir Joseph Rotblat,[30] physicist, 1995 Nobel Peace Prize
- Adolf Schallamach, physics of friction and wear of rubber
- Sir Arthur Schuster[31]
- Dennis Sciama, FRS,[3] cosmologist
- David Shoenberg, physics of low temperatures (JYB 1995 p193)
- Sir Francis Simon[32]
- David Tabor[4]
- Samuel Tolansky, spectroscopist[33]
- Felix Weinberg[4]
- Michael Woolfson, crystallographer, computer simulation 1984[4]
- Alec David Young, aero-engineer[4]
- John Ziman[3]
Chemists[edit]
- Herbert Brown, chemist, 1979 Nobel Prize[34]
- Sir Arnold Burgen[4]
- Sir Roy Calne[4]
- Jack David Dunitz,[35] chemist
- Martin Fleischmann,[36] chemist
- Rosalind Franklin,[37] physical chemist and crystallographer, helped discover the structure of DNA
- Eugen Glueckauf[14]
- Sir Ian Heilbron[38]
- Walter Heitler[35]
- Sir Aaron Klug,[39] physicist and chemist, 1982 Nobel Prize[40]
- Harold Kroto,[41] discoverer of buckminsterfullerene, 1996 Nobel Prize (Jewish father; raised Jewish)
- Raphael Meldola[42]
- Alfred Mond, chemist[43]
- Ludwig Mond,[44] chemist and industrialist
- Sir Robert Mond, chemist and archaeologist[45]
- Albert Neuberger,[46] chemical pathologist; father of Prof. James Neuberger, Lord Justice Sir David Neuberger and Prof. Michael Neuberger, and father-in-law of Julia Neuberger
- Friedrich Paneth[47]
- Max Perutz,[48] molecular biologist, 1962 Nobel Prize
- Michael Polanyi,[49] chemist; naturalised British 1939[50]
- Ralph Raphael[29]
- Michael Rossmann[35]
- Jeremy Sanders
- Anthony Segal[4]
- Franz Sondheimer, organic chemist[4]
- Michael Szwarc, polymer chemistry[51]
- Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist[52]
- Chaim Weizmann,[53] acetone production; first president of Israel
Biologists[edit]
- Saul Adler[54]
- Ephraim Anderson,[55] microbiologist
- Charlotte Auerbach[5]
- Dame Val Beral,[56] breast cancer researcher
- Walter Bodmer,[57] geneticist
- Gustav Victor Rudolf Born,[58] professor of pharmacology
- Sydney Brenner,[59] molecular biologist, 2002Nobel Prize
- Leslie Brent[60]
- Edith Bülbring,[61] pharmacologist (Jewish mother)
- Sir Ernst Chain, co-developer of penicillin, 1945 Nobel Prize[62]
- Sir Philip Cohen,[46] biologist
- Sydney Cohen, pathologist[63]
- Emanuel Mendes da Costa,[64] 18th-century botanist
- Raymond Dwek, biologist[4]
- Sir Michael Epstein, co-discoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus[4]
- Wilhelm Feldberg,[5] pharmacologist
- Sir Alan Fersht,[35] protein folding
- Sir Otto Frankel, geneticist[65]
- Ian Glynn[4]
- Professor Sir Abraham Goldberg, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Glasgow and world authority on porphyria[66]
- Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield,[67] neuroscientist and writer (Jewish father)
- Hans Gruneberg,[68] biologist
- Sir Ludwig Guttmann,[69] neurologist
- Sir Henry Harris[70]
- Philip D'Arcy Hart,[71] medical researcher
- Sir Gabriel Horn[4]
- Alick Isaacs,[72][73] virologist, interferon
- David Ish-Horowicz[4]
- Sir Bernard Katz,[74] biophysicist, 1970 Nobel Prize
- David Keilin,[46] enzymologist
- Sir Hans Kornberg[4]
- Hans Kosterlitz, pharmacologist[75]
- Sir Hans Adolf Krebs,[76] biochemist, 1953 Nobel Prize
- Sir John Krebs,[77] zoologist
- Roland Levinsky,[78] biologist
- Michael Levitt[46]
- Hans Lissmann[29]
- Joel Mandelstam[4]
- Sir Michael Marmot, epidemiologist[79]
- César Milstein,[80] immunologist, 1984 Nobel Prize
- Leslie Orgel,[35] evolutionary biologist
- Guido Pontecorvo[29]
- Juda Quastel[46]
- Ivan Roitt, immunologist 1983[4][81]
- Steven Rose,[82] biologist
- Sir Martin Roth, psychiatrist (JYB 2005 p214)
- Dame Miriam Louisa Rothschild,[83] entomologist
- Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild[84]
- Oliver Sacks,[85] neurologist and author
- Isaac de Sequeira Samuda,[86] first Jewish FRS, elected 1727
- Hannah Steinberg, psychopharmacologist
- John Vane,[35] pharmacologist, 1982 Nobel Prize (Jewish father)
- Lawrence Weiskrantz, psychologist[4]
- Robert Winston, Baron Winston,[87] fertility expert and broadcaster
- Lewis Wolpert,[88] developmental biologist and broadcaster
- John Yudkin, physiologist and nutritionist
- Lord Solly Zuckerman, anatomist, evolutionist[89]
Mathematicians and statisticians[edit]
- Abraham Manie Adelstein,[90] statistician
- Hertha Ayrton,[90] mathematician and engineer
- Laurence Baxter, statistician[91]
- Abram Besicovitch,[92] Russian-born British mathematician (karaite)
- Selig Brodetsky,[93] mathematician, President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jacob Bronowski,[94] mathematician and broadcaster
- Paul Cohn, algebraist[95]
- H.E. Daniels,[90] statistician
- Philip Dawid,[96] statistician
- Arthur Erdelyi,[97] mathematician
- John Fox, statistician
- Albrecht Frohlich[98]
- David Glass,[99] demographer
- Sir Samuel Goldman,[100] British government statistician
- Sydney Goldstein,[101] expert on fluid mechanics
- Benjamin Gompertz,[102] mathematician
- Eugene Grebenik,[103] demographer
- Steven Haberman,[104] professor of actuarial science
- John Hajnal, demographer[34]
- Hans Heilbronn[105]
- Thomas Körner, mathematician[106]
- Ruth Lawrence,[107] mathematician and child prodigy
- Leone Levi,[108] statistician
- Kurt Mahler, mathematician[4]
- Sir Claus Moser,[109] statistician
- Louis Mordell,[110] number theorist
- Bernhard Neumann[4]
- Richard Rado,[111] mathematician
- Klaus Roth,[112] mathematician, 1958 Fields Medal
- Bernard Silverman, statistician[113]
- David Spiegelhalter, statistician[114]
- James Joseph Sylvester,[115] mathematician
Computer scientists[edit]
- Samson Abramsky, computer scientist[116]
- David Deutsch,[3] quantum computing pioneer
- I.J. Good,[117] cryptographer, philosopher of statistics; computing pioneer
- David Levy,[118] computer chess expert
- Leo Marks,[119] cryptographer and screenwriter
- Max Newman,[117] mathematician and computing pioneer (Jewish father)
- Gordon Plotkin,[117] computer scientist
- Leslie Valiant,[117] computer scientist; parallel computation
Economists[edit]
- Lord Bauer,[120] economist
- Samuel Brittan, economist
- Charles Goodhart,[121] Bank of England economist
- Noreena Hertz,[122] economist and activist
- Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn,[123] economist: multiplier
- Nicholas Kaldor,[123] economist
- Michael Kidron, South African born Marxist economist, writer, cartographer and publisher
- Israel Kirzner,[124] economist (UK-born)
- Ludwig Lachmann, economist[125]
- Harold Laski, economist[126]
- Alexander Nove, economist[127]
- Sigbert Prais, economist[34]
- David Ricardo,[128] economist (converted to Quakerism)
- Arthur Seldon,[129] economist
- Sir Hans Singer, economist[130]
- Piero Sraffa,[123] economist
- Lord Nicholas Stern, economist[34][131]
- Basil Yamey, economist[34][131]
Social scientists[edit]
- Roy Clive Abraham,[132] linguist
- Mark Abrams,[132] sociologist
- Michael Balint,[133] psychoanalyst (converted to Unitarianism)
- Zygmunt Bauman,[134] sociologist
- Basil Bernstein,[135] linguist
- Vernon Bogdanor, professor of politics[34][136]
- Georgina Born, anthropologist; daughter of Gustav Victor Rudolf Born
- Gerald Cohen, professor of social and political theory[34]
- Arthur Lumley Davids, linguist and orientalist[137]
- Norbert Elias,[138] sociologist
- Herman Finer,[139] political scientist
- Samuel Finer,[140] political scientist
- Sir Moses I. Finley,[141] historian and sociologist
- Meyer Fortes, anthropologist[142]
- Eduard Fraenkel, philologist[143]
- Anna Freud,[144] child psychoanalyst
- Norman Geras,[145] professor of Government[146]
- Morris Ginsberg[147]
- Max Gluckman, anthropologist[148]
- Frieda Goldman-Eisler, psycholinguist[149]
- Theodor Goldstücker,[150] orientalist
- Jean Gottmann,[151] professor of geography, Oxford University
- Julius Gould, sociologist (JYB 2005 p249)
- Paul Hirst,[152] social theorist (Jewish mother)
- Marie Jahoda,[153] psychology of discrimination
- Melanie Klein,[154] child psychoanalyst
- Paul Klemperer, economist
- Geoffrey Lewis Lewis, professor of Turkish[34]
- Steven Lukes, political scientist[34]
- Ashley Montagu,[155] anthropologist and humanist
- Nikolas Rose, Martin White Professor of Sociology, LSE
- Isaac Schapera, anthropologist[34]
- Edward Ullendorff, linguist[34]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- JYB = Jewish Year Book
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, art. Alfonsi, Petrus
- ^ JYB 1977, p.207
- ^ a b c d e f "Jewish Physicists". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac JYB 2005 p214
- ^ a b c JYB 1977 p207
- ^ "Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm by F. Pruyn". Theosophy-nw.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "News - Latest breaking UK news". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 November 2005. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Born summary". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "physicsworld.com homepage". Physicsweb.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2000 p212 - list of Jewish Nobel Prizewinners
- ^ "You Won't be Board". Archived from the original on 23 May 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ http://www.dundee.ac.uk/~gjzcallo/pcb%20manufacture.ppt [dead link]
- ^ "Otto Robert Frisch". Nndb.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ a b JYB 1980 p182
- ^ a b c JYB 1990 p201
- ^ "EJewish.info -". Archived from the original on 16 July 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ a b "Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "In 1946 Dennis Gabor became a naturalized British citizen."
- ^ "Salomons Family Tree Entry - Salomons Museum - Canterbury Christ Church University". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
- ^ JYB 2005 p213, 214
- ^ "Welcome to nginx!". www.royalsoc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born of Jewish parents in Vienna"
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Linz, Austria, of Jewish parents"
- ^ http://www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-924108-2.pdf [dead link]
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "study at the university was open to him, despite being a Jew ... Kurti became a naturalized British citizen just before the outbreak of the Second World War"
- ^ "Jewish Science and Technology Books: Personalities". Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 13:492
- ^ Who's Who entry & JYB 2000 p211
- ^ a b c d JYB 1995 p193
- ^ http://www.pugwash.org/publication/obits/obit-rotblat-press-latimes.ht [dead link]
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, 14:1012
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, 14:1578
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "son of Lithuanian-Jewish immigrants"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k JYB 2005 p215
- ^ a b c d e f "Jewish Chemists". Jinfo.org. 14 October 1992. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Martin Fleischmann". Nndb.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Rosalind Franklin". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica 8:262
- ^ "Aaron Klug - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2000 p211-2
- ^ "Sir Harold Kroto : Autobiography". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 11:1290
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 4:1298, 12:241
- ^ "AJR". AJR.org.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Mond
- ^ a b c d e "Jewish Biomedical Scientists". Jinfo.org. 14 October 1992. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 13:54
- ^ Williams, P (2005). "Max Perutz, a Nobel Prize winner, and Alain Marengo Rowe". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 18 (2): 138–40. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928053. PMC 1200715. PMID 16200163.
- ^ "Content Frame for the Guide to the Michael Polanyi Papers, 1900-1975 (Inclusive)". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, 15:670
- ^ Friedenwald, H. (1946), Jewish Luminaries in Medical History
- ^ "Chaim Weizmann". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 1960 p216
- ^ Anthony Tucker (22 March 2006). "Obituary: ES Anderson | Society". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Budabin-Kula Family Collection. : Budabin-Kula family : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. 1888. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "The Science Show: 19 November 2005 - Tracing genetic history". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ Peter Sommer. "Gustav V. R. Born, The Born Family in Göttingen and Beyond, Termessos Verlag". Termessos.de. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Sydney Brenner | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. 13 January 1927. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ The Times, 6/7/06 p34: "A Call by Jews in Britain" (advert signed by 300 British Jews)
- ^ http://hardy.amnesty.org.uk/images/ul/f/famous_refugees_2.pdf [dead link]
- ^ "Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ JYB 2005 p214, 230
- ^ http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/788ywpyvxn1yf4uqva6q/contributions/a/8/q/1/a8q13avg8w7tqwgx.pdf [dead link]
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Jewish Chronicle Obituary, 25 October 2007
- ^ "Brain Teaser - Peter McCarthy talks to Professor Susan Greenfield". Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ JYB 1967 p208
- ^ "Paralympics at the Olympics". Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica 4:138
- ^ "DR PHILIP d'ARCY HART | Independent, the (London) | Find Articles at BNET.com". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
- ^ "Alick Isaacs: Overview of Alick Isaacs". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JINFO. "Jews in Biomedical Science". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Bernard Katz". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Jewish Recipients of the Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "dictionary of medical eponyms". Whonamedit.com. 22 November 1981. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Jewish Chronicle, 8 January 1999, p.6: "Three Jewish knights feature among the New Year honours: ... Nichola Serota ... John Krebs ... Victor Blank."
- ^ "Driving force of city university's growth": Western Daily Press 19 July 2006: "the family is Jewish".
- ^ JYB 2005 213
- ^ "Cesar Milstein". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2000 p211
- ^ "Belief - Steven Rose". Archived from the original on 11 April 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ "AJN - Dame Miriam Louisa Rothschild". Archived from the original on 27 December 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ JYB 1990 p199, 202, 259
- ^ "Oliver Sacks". Christianity Today. 1 June 2002. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Welcome to nginx!". www.royalsoc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ "Helping Hand". Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ "Science Line - Biology & Medicine - Careers Information - Professor Lewis Wolpert". Archived from the original on 6 September 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ JYB 1965 p214
- ^ a b c article in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Death notices in Jewish Chronicle, 15 November 1996 p 31; confirms Sidney Hart was his uncle
- ^ JINFO (8 October 1965). "Jewish Mathematicians". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Brodetsky biography". History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Rita Bronowski - San Diego Jewish Journal". Archived from the original on 27 May 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ "Times obituary". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Jewish-books.net - Jewish books Resources and Information". Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ "Jewish Mathematicians". Jinfo.org. 8 October 1965. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Albrecht Fröhlich" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, 6 Oct. 1978, p.32
- ^ Obituary in LSE Magazine, Vol 19 no.2 Winter 2007, p.45
- ^ "Goldstein biography". Groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Gompertz summary". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070928152519/http://www.ehrcweb.org/jobs/Press-Eugene-Grebenik-17668.htm. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Contemporary Jewish Demography". Archived from the original on 22 December 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ JYB 1977, p207
- ^ Jewish parents: Stephan Körner (JYB 2005 p215) and Edith Körner
- ^ "JDA - TV Starlett". Archived from the original on 26 October 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
- ^ "What's On: Music, Film, & Things To Do in Liverpool - Liverpool Echo". Icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Mordell summary". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Rado_Richard summary". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Jewish Recipients of the Fields Medal". Jinfo.org. 14 August 1942. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Jews for Justice for Palestinians". Jfjfp.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2007 p. 198
- ^ "Sylvester summary". Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ JYB 2007 p198
- ^ a b c d "Jewish Computer & Information Scientists". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ http://jewish-books.net/findBy_AuthName/find_David_Levy_chess.htm. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) [dead link] - ^ "Leo Marks". Mishalov.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
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- ^ "Publications | American Jewish Historical Society" (PDF). Ajhs.org. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
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- ^ "Making Sense of Jewish Stereotypes". Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
- ^ Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek - Pg 145
- ^ The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, ed Geoffrey Wigoder, 5th ed 1977, p 1182–3
- ^ JYB 1990 p202
- ^ "David Ricardo". Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
- ^ Alfred Sherman (13 October 2005). "Obituary: Arthur Seldon | Business | The Guardian". Politics.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
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- ^ a b JYB 2005 p315
- ^ a b Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Elias, as a Jew, sought refuge first in Paris (1933–5), and then in London (from 1935), eventually becoming a British citizen in 1952"
- ^ Alfred de Grazia (29 September 2006). "12. POLITICAL SCIENCE". Grazian-archive.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Jewish Chronicle obituary, 25 June 1993, p.15
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed.
- ^ JYB 1980 p183
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "An unbaptized Jew"
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{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "An interview with Norman Geras". Eis.bris.ac.uk. 11 September 2001. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "You are a Jewish, Zimbabwean, Mancunian philosopher... I have lived in Manchester more than half my life and am very much at home here."
- ^ "HTML Translation of SGML/EAD Document by Tim Green". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012.
- ^ JYB 1975 p213
- ^ Rubinstein, William D.; Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, Hilary L. (2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 336–7.
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "of Jewish parentage"
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only child of prosperous Jewish parents"
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