Friasian

The Friasian age is a period of geologic time (16.3–15.5 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It follows the Santacrucian and precedes the Colloncuran age.^[1]

Etymology[edit]

The age is named after the Río Frías Formation in the Aysén Basin, Patagonia, Chile.

Formations[edit]

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Locations of Friasian formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Río Frías Formation	Chile	Aysén Basin	^[2]^[3]
Castilletes Formation	Colombia	Cocinetas Basin	^[4]
Cerdas Beds	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	^[5]
Chilcatay Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	^[6]^[7]
Cura-Mallín Group	Chile	Cura-Mallín Basin	^[8]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	^[9]
Parángula Formation	Venezuela	Barinas-Apure Basin	^[10]
Pebas Formation	Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru	Amazon Basin	^[11]^[12]
Río Foyel Formation	Argentina	Patagonian Andes	^[13]^[14]
Río Yuca Formation	Venezuela	Barinas-Apure Basin	^[15]

Fossils[edit]

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Abderites aisenense, A. meridionalis, Alloiomys friasensis, Astrapotherium hesperinum, Borhyaena tuberata, Cladosictis patagonica, Megathericulus friasensis, Microbiotherium tehuelchum, Parabderites bicrispatus, Palaeothentes intermedius, P. lemoinei, P. minutus, Pichipilus halleuxi, Pitheculites rothi, Prothylacinus patagonicus, Prototrigodon rothi, Sipalocyon gracilis, Adinotherium sp., Homalodotherium sp., Neonematherium sp., Nesodon sp., Pachyrukhos sp., Phoenixauchenia sp., ?Propalaehoplophorus sp., Protypotherium sp., Prozaedyus sp., Theosodon sp., Trachytypotherium sp., Platyrrhini indet.	Río Frías	^[16] ^[17]^[18]
	Lycopsis padillai, ?Hyperleptus sp., Astrapotheriidae, Odontoceti, Mysticeti, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Macraucheniidae, Proterotheriidae, Leontinidae, Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Megatheriidae, Dinomyidae, Sirenia, Sparassodonta	Castilletes	^[19]^[20] ^[21]
	Hegetotherium cerdasensis, Juchuysillu arenalesensis, Llullataruca cf. shockeyi, Microtypotherium cf. choquecotense, Protypotherium cf. attenuatum, "Plesiotypotherium" minus, Palyeidodon obtusum, Mcdonaldocnus bondesioi, Borhyaenoidea indet., Euphractini indet., Lagostominae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Megatheriinae indet., Mesotheriinae indet., Peltephilidae indet., Uruguaytheriinae indet.	Cerdas	^[22]^[23]
	Adinotherium sp., Peltephilidae indet.	Río Yuca	^[24]
Reptiles	Chelus colombiana, Chelonoidis sp., cf. Crocodylus sp., cf. Mourasuchus sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Boidae indet., Eusuchia indet., Gavialoidea indet., Podocnemididae indet.	Castilletes	^[21] ^[25]^[26]
	Barinasuchus arveloi	Parángula	^[27]
	Purussaurus sp.	Río Yuca	^[24]
Birds	Aves indet.	Castilletes	^[21]
Birds	Palaeospheniscus bergi, Spheniscidae indet.	Río Foyel	^[28]
Fish	Megalodon, Characidae, Serrasalmidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Ariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Otodontidae, Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae, Rhinopteridae, Ginglymostomatidae, Pristiophoridae, Pristidae, Rhynchobatidae, Rhynobatidae, Lepidosirenidae	Castilletes	^[21]^[29]
	Carcharodon hastalis	Río Foyel	^[28]
	Phractocephalus sp., Platysilurus sp.	Río Yuca	^[24]

References[edit]

^ Paleo Database: Friasian
^ Marshall, 1990
^ Marshall & Salinas, 1990
^ Moreno et al., 2015, p.7
^ Croft et al., 2016, p.2
^ De la Cruz, 2008, p.53
^ Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
^ Utgé et al., 2009
^ Reichler, 2010, p.181
^ Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2
^ Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
^ Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442
^ Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491
^ Rincón et al., 2016, p.19
^ Abello & Rubilar, 2012, p.180
^ Río Frías at Fossilworks.org
^ Alto Río Cisnes at Fossilworks.org
^ Suárez et al., 2015, p.4
^ Amson et al., 2016, p.7
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
^ Cerdas in the Paleobiology Database
^ Cerdas-Atocha in the Paleobiology Database
^ ^a ^b ^c Rincón et al., 2016, pp.6-10
^ Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7–30
^ Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190–196
^ Quebrada Socó at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b Cerro Plataforma at Fossilworks.org
^ Kaitamana at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography[edit]

Río Frías Formation

Abello, María Alejandra, and David Rubilar Rogers. 2012. Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata). Ameghiniana 49(2). 164–184. Accessed 2019-02-15.
Bellosi, Eduardo S. et al. 2014. Ambientes asociados a la fauna Friasense (Mioceno Medio) en Alto río Cisnes (Aysén, Chile), 40–41. XIV Reuñión Argentina de Sedimentología. Accessed 2018-09-10.
Bostelmann, J.E. et al. 2012. The Alto Río Cisnes Fossil Fauna (Río Frías Formation, Early-Middle Miocene, Friasian SALMA): A keystone and paradigmatic vertebrate assemblage of the South American Fossil Record, 44–45. III Simposio Paleontología en Chile. Accessed 2018-09-10.
Marshall, Larry G.. 1990. Fossil Marsupialia from the type Friasian land mammal age (Miocene), Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 17. 19–55. Accessed 2017-10-21.
Marshall, Larry G., and Patricia Salinas. 1990. Stratigraphy of the Río Frías Formation (Miocene) along the Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 17. 57–87. Accessed 2017-10-21.

Castilletes Formation

Amson, Eli; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2016. Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Cadena, Edwin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia. Ameghiniana 52. 188–203. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Carrillo, Juan D.; Eli Amson; Carlos Jaramillo; Rodolfo Sánchez; Luis Quiroz; Carlos Cuartas; Aldo F. Rincón, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2018. The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 101. 1–67. Accessed 2019-02-11.
Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Thodoris Argyriou; Vladimir Zapata; René Kindlimann, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2016. A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Ameghiniana 53. 77–99. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Hendy, Austin J.W.; Douglas S. Jones; Federico Moreno; Vladimir Zapata, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 45–75. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Moreno, F.; A.J.W. Hendy; L. Quiroz; N. Hoyos; D.S. Jones; V. Zapata; S. Zapata; G.A. Ballen, and Edwin Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo. 2015. Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 5–43. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Moreno Bernal, Jorge W. 2014. Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America, 1–66. University of Nebraska. Accessed 2017-08-08.
Suárez, Catalina; AnalÍa M. Forasiepi; Francisco J. Goin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(1). e1029581. Accessed 2019-02-13.

Cerdas Beds

Croft, Darin A.; Alfredo A. Carlini; Martín R. Ciancio; Diego Brandoni; Nicholas E. Drew; Russell K. Engelman, and Federico Anaya. 2016. New mammal faunal data from Cerdas, Bolivia, a middle-latitude Neotropical site that chronicles the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum in South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(5). e1163574. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Chilcatay Formation

Bianucci, Giovanni; Giulia Bosio; Elisa Malinverno; Christian De Muizon; Igor M. Villa; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2018. A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology. Royal Society Open Science 5(4). 172302. Accessed 2019-02-11.
De la Cruz, Aldo Alván. 2008. Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 11. 51–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
Lambert, Olivier; Christian De Muizon; Elisa Malinverno; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16(12). 981–1016. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci, and Mario Urbina. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(5). 987–1004. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Cura-Mallín Group

Flynn, John J.; Reynaldo Charrier; Darin A. Croft; Phillip B. Gans; Trystan M. Herriott; Jill A. Wertheim, and André R. Wyss. 2008. Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26. 412–423. Accessed 2017-10-20.
Shockey, Bruce J.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft; Phillip Gans, and André R. Wyss. 2012. New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
Utgé, Silvana; Andrés Folguera; Vanesa Litvak, and Víctor A. Ramos. 2009. Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64(2). 231–248. Accessed 2017-10-01.

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

Reichler, Valeria A. 2010. Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas. Andean Geology 31. 177–219. Accessed 2018-09-11.

Parángula Formation

Paolillo, Alfredo, and Omar J. Linares. 2007. Nuevos cocodrilos Sebecosuchia del Cenozoico suramericano (Mesosuchia: Crocodylia). Paleobiología Neotropical 03. 1–25. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Pebas Formation

Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; John J. Flynn; Patrice Baby; Julia V. Tejada Lara; Frank P. Wesselingh, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2015. A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282(1804). 20142490. Accessed 2019-02-13.
Wesselingh, F.P.; M.C. Hoorn; J. Guerrero; M.E. Räsänen; L. Romero Pittmann, and J. Salo. 2006. The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution. Scripta Geologica 133. 291–322. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Río Foyel Formation

Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Miguel Griffin; Marcos Asensio; Alberto Luis Cione, and Claudia Tambussi. 2013. Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera. Andean Geology 40. 490–503. Accessed 2017-10-26.
Encinas, Alfonso; Andrés Folguera; Florencia Bechis; Kenneth L. Finger; Patricio Zambrano; Felipe Pérez; Pablo Benarbé; Francisca Tapia, and Ricardo Riffo and Luis Buatois, Darío Orts, Sven N. Nielsen, Victor V. Valencia, José Cituño, Verónica Oliveros, Lizet de Girolamo Del Mauro and Víctor Alberto Ramos. 2018. The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia in The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes, 443–474. Springer. Accessed 2018-09-11. ISBN 978-3-319-67774-3

Río Yuca Formation

Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; Oliver Macsotay; H. Gregory McDonald, and Mónica Nüñez Flores. 2016. A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America. Geobios 757. 1–35. Accessed 2019-02-12.

[1] Paleo Database: Friasian

[Marshall1990-2] Marshall, 1990

[MarshallSalinas1990-3] Marshall & Salinas, 1990

[Morenoetal_p7-4] Moreno et al., 2015, p.7

[Croft2016_p2-5] Croft et al., 2016, p.2

[DelaCruz_p53-6] De la Cruz, 2008, p.53

[Solis2018_p13-7] Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13

[Utge2009-8] Utgé et al., 2009

[Reichler2010_p181-9] Reichler, 2010, p.181

[Paolillo_p2-10] Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2

[Antoine2016_p56-11] Antoine et al., 2016, p.56

[Wesselingh_p304-12] Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304

[Acosta2018_p442-13] Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442

[Acosta2013_p491-14] Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491

[Rincon2016_p19-15] Rincón et al., 2016, p.19

[AbelloRubilar2012_p180-16] Abello & Rubilar, 2012, p.180

[FWRioFriasRioFrias-17] Río Frías at Fossilworks.org

[FWRioFriasAltoRioCisnes-18] Alto Río Cisnes at Fossilworks.org

[Suarezetal_p4-19] Suárez et al., 2015, p.4

[Amson_p7-20] Amson et al., 2016, p.7

[Morenoetal_p35-21] Moreno et al., 2015, p.35

[Cerdas-22] Cerdas in the Paleobiology Database

[CerdasAtocha-23] Cerdas-Atocha in the Paleobiology Database

[Rincon2016_pp6_10-24] Rincón et al., 2016, pp.6-10

[Moreno_p7_30-25] Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7–30

[Cadena_p190_196-26] Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190–196

[FWParangulaQuebradaSoco-27] Quebrada Socó at Fossilworks.org

[FWRioFoyel-28] Cerro Plataforma at Fossilworks.org

[FWKaitamana-29] Kaitamana at Fossilworks.org

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