Demographics of Ontario

Population Density of Ontario in 2016

Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.

Vital statistics[edit]

Birth Rate: 9.7/1,000 people (2021)[1]

Death Rate: 8.1/1,000 people (2021)[1]

Life Expectancy at birth: 81 years (2006 est)[2]

Infant Mortality rate: 5.2 (2007 est)[3]

Age structure[edit]

Age Groups Total Percentage Male Female
0 to 4 years 723,016 4.91% 370,982 352,034
5 to 9 years 762,654 5.18% 389,331 373,323
10 to 14 years 792,947 5.38% 403,611 389,336
15 to 19 years 852,405 5.79% 436,529 415,876
20 to 24 years 1,039,661 7.06% 543,213 496,448
25 to 29 years 1,077,433 7.31% 555,954 521,479
30 to 34 years 1,041,952 7.07% 527,137 514,815
35 to 39 years 992,844 6.74% 493,399 499,445
40 to 44 years 921,378 6.25% 446,692 474,686
45 to 49 years 932,058 6.33% 454,915 477,143
50 to 54 years 968,546 6.57% 478,610 489,936
55 to 59 years 1,073,519 7.29% 532,834 540,685
60 to 64 years 961,243 6.52% 469,926 491,317
65 to 69 years 803,962 5.46% 383,637 420,325
70 to 74 years 673,546 4.57% 316,777 356,769
75 to 79 years 461,015 3.13% 212,100 248,915
80 to 84 years 319,548 2.17% 140,109 179,439
85 to 89 years 204,227 1.39% 81,946 122,281
90 to 94 years 98,638 0.67% 33,530 65,108
95 to 99 years 29,527 0.20% 7,515 22,012
100 years and over 3,895 0.03% 701 3,194
Total 14,734,014 100% 7,279,448 7,454,566

[4]

Population history[edit]

Year Population 5 year
% change 		10 year
% change 		% Canadian
population
1824 150,066 - - n/a
1830 213,156 - - n/a
1840 432,159 - 102.7% 39.93%[a]
1851 952,004 - - 51.32%[a]
1861 1,396,091 - 46.6% 55.58%[a]
1871 1,620,851 - 16.1% 43.9%
1881 1,926,922 - 18.8% 45.4%
1891 2,114,321 - 9.7% 48.9%
1901 2,182,947 - 3.2% 40.6%
1911 2,527,292 - 15.8% 35.1%
1921 2,933,662 - 16.1% 33.4%
1931 3,431,683 - 17.0% 33.1%
1941 3,787,655 - 10.4% 32.9%
1951 4,597,542 - 21.3% 32.8%
1956 5,404,933 17.6% - 33.6%
1961 6,236,092 15.4% 35.6% 34.2%
1966 6,960,870 11.6% 28.8% 34.9%
1971 7,703,105 10.7% 23.5% 35.7%
1976 8,264,465 7.3% 18.7% 35.9%
1981 8,625,107 4.4% 12.0% 35.4%
1986 9,101,695 5.5% 10.1% 36.0%
1991 10,084,885 10.8% 16.9% 36.9%
1996 10,753,573 10.7% 18.2% 37.3%
2001 11,410,046 6.1% 13.2% 38.0%
2006 12,160,282 6.6% 13.1% 38.4%
2011 12,851,821 5.7% 12.6% 38.4%
2016 13,448,494 4.6% 9.6% 38.3%
2021 14,223,942 5.8% 9.7% 38.5%

Source: Statistics Canada[5]

  • a  % Province of Canada population[6]

Population geography[edit]

Census Metropolitan Areas[edit]

City 2021[7] 2016[8] 2011[9] 2006[10] 2001[11] 1996[12] 1991[12]
Toronto 6,202,225 5,928,040 5,583,064 5,113,149 4,682,897 4,263,757 3,898,933
Ottawa-Gatineau 1,488,307 1,323,783 1,236,324 1,130,761 1,063,664 1,010,498 941,814
Hamilton 785,184 747,545 721,053 692,911 662,401 624,360 599,760
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 575,847 523,894 477,160 451,235 414,284 382,940 356,421
London 543,551 494,069 474,786 457,720 432,451 398,616 381,522
St. Catharines-Niagara 433,604 406,074 392,184 390,317 377,009 372,406 364,552
Windsor 422,630 329,144 319,246 323,342 307,877 278,685 262,075
Oshawa 415,311 379,848 356,177 330,594 296,298 268,773 240,104
Barrie 212,856 197,059 187,013 177,061 148,480 118,695 97,150
Kingston 172,546 161,175 159,561 152,358 146,838 143,416 136,401
Greater Sudbury 170,605 164,689 160,770 158,258 155,601 160,488 157,613
Guelph 165,588 151,984 141,097 127,009 117,344 105,420 97,667
Brantford 144,162 134,203 135,501 124,607 86,417 100,238 97,106
Peterborough 128,624 121,721 118,975 |102,423 100,193 98,060 -
Thunder Bay 123,258 121,621 121,596 122,907 121,986 125,562 124,925
Belleville 111,184 103,472 101,668 91,518 87,395 87,871 -
Chatham-Kent 104,316 102,042 104,075 108,589 107,709 - -

Ethnic origins[edit]

As of 2016 census.[13]

Ethnic group Responses %
Canadian 3,109,770 23.48
English 2,808,810 21.21
Scottish 2,107,290 15.91
Irish 2,095,465 15.82
French 1,349,255 10.19
German 1,189,670 8.98
Italian 931,805 7.04
Chinese 849,340 6.41
East Indian 774,495 5.85
Dutch (Netherlands) 527,750 3.99
Polish 523,490 3.95
First Nations 385,505 2.91
Ukrainian 376,440 2.84
Filipino 337,760 2.55
Portuguese 324,930 2.45
British, not included
elsewhere		 323,180 2.44
Jamaican 257,055 1.94
Russian 220,850 1.67
Welsh 198,470 1.50
Spanish 171,145 1.29
Hungarian (Magyar) 163,500 1.23
Pakistani 149,060 1.13
Greek 148,555 1.12
American (USA) 140,165 1.06
Métis 137,485 1.04

Note: The table takes dual responses (for example if someone is French-Canadian they would be added to both French and Canadian). Some places of one's ethnic origin do not refer to a single specified country of origin, i.e. Spanish refers to people from Spanish speaking countries such as Colombia, Spain, Mexico, Cuba and others; or East Indian where the respondents origin could be from Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc.; and the list contains about 200 nationalities known to reside in the province. However, there are options for the respondent to identify the country alone.

As regards ethnic origins and Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) of highest concentration (minimum: 1%):

Ethnic origin CMA % of population
Chinese Toronto 12.0
East Indian Toronto 11.0
Filipino Toronto 4.7
Jamaican Toronto 3.4
Russian Toronto 2.4
Pakistani Toronto 2.1
Sri Lankan Toronto 2.0
Spanish Toronto 1.8
Greek Toronto 1.7
Iranian Toronto 1.7
Korean Toronto 1.3
Other African origins, n.i.e Toronto 1.1
Jewish Toronto 1.0
Haitian Ottawa-Gatineau 1.1
Croatian Hamilton 1.9
German Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 21.8
Portuguese Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 4.1
Romanian Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 1.9
Swiss Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 1.5
Belgian London 1.1
Lebanese Windsor 3.3
Iraqi Windsor 2.2
American Windsor 1.7
Serbian Windsor 1.4
Arab, n.o.s. Windsor 1.0
British Isles origins, n.i.e. Barrie 3.7
Canadian Greater Sudbury 45.6
French Greater Sudbury 37.7
Vietnamese Guelph 1.6
Dutch Brantford 8.0
Hungarian Brantford 3.2
English Peterborough 39.1
Irish Peterborough 32.5
Scottish Peterborough 26.3
Welsh Peterborough 2.6
Italian Thunder Bay 14.0
Ukrainian Thunder Bay 13.5
Finnish Thunder Bay 11.4
First Nations Thunder Bay 10.5
Polish Thunder Bay 7.1
Swedish Thunder Bay 4.5
Métis Thunder Bay 2.9
Norwegian Thunder Bay 2.8
Slovak Thunder Bay 2.0
Danish Thunder Bay 1.1

Future projections[edit]

Panethnic origin projections in Ontario (2031–2041)[14][15][16][17]
Panethnic group 2031 2036 2041
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[a] 9,335,000 53.62% 9,215,000 50.02% 9,044,000 46.89%
South Asian 2,562,000 14.71% 2,992,000 16.24% 3,371,000 17.48%
East Asian[b] 1,444,000 8.29% 1,583,000 8.59% 1,706,000 8.84%
African 1,133,000 6.51% 1,288,000 6.99% 1,433,000 7.43%
Middle Eastern[c] 858,000 4.93% 1,018,000 5.53% 1,168,000 6.06%
Southeast Asian[d] 784,000 4.5% 897,000 4.87% 1,006,000 5.22%
Indigenous 576,000 3.31% 623,000 3.38% 666,000 3.45%
Latin American 355,000 2.04% 398,000 2.16% 438,000 2.27%
Other/multiracial[e] 364,000 2.09% 410,000 2.23% 456,000 2.36%
Projected Ontario population 17,411,000 100% 18,424,000 100% 19,288,000 100%

Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples[edit]

Indigenous identity in Ontario, 2021
Visible minority population in Ontario, 2021
Visible minority and Indigenous population (2021 Canadian census) 2016 Census 2011 NHS 2006 Census 2001 Census 1996 Census
Population group Population % Population % Population % Population % Population % Population %
European[nb 1] 8,807,805 62.8% 8,982,180 67.8% 8,930,835 70.6% 8,879,900 73.8% 8,944,190 79.3% 8,714,680 81.9%
Visible minority group
Source:[18]		 South Asian 1,515,295 10.8% 1,150,415 8.7% 965,990 7.6% 794,170 6.6% 554,870 4.9% 390,055 3.7%
Chinese 820,245 5.8% 754,550 5.7% 629,140 5.0% 576,980 4.8% 481,505 4.3% 391,090 3.7%
Black 768,740 5.5% 627,715 4.7% 539,205 4.3% 473,765 3.9% 411,095 3.6% 356,215 3.3%
Filipino 363,650 2.6% 311,675 2.4% 275,380 2.2% 203,220 1.7% 156,515 1.4% 117,365 1.1%
Arab 284,215 2.0% 210,435 1.6% 151,645 1.2% 111,405 0.9% 88,540 0.8%
Latin American 249,190 1.8% 195,950 1.5% 172,560 1.4% 147,135 1.2% 106,835 0.9% 85,745 0.8%
West Asian 212,185 1.5% 154,670 1.2% 122,530 1.0% 96,615 0.8% 67,100 0.6%
Southeast Asian 167,845 1.2% 133,855 1% 137,875 1.1% 110,045 0.9% 86,410 0.8% 75,910 0.7%
Korean 99,425 0.7% 88,935 0.7% 78,295 0.6% 69,540 0.6% 53,955 0.5% 35,400 0.3%
Japanese 31,420 0.2% 30,830 0.2% 29,085 0.2% 28,080 0.2% 24,925 0.2% 24,275 0.2%
Arab/West Asian 118,655 1.1%
Visible minority, n.i.e. 124,120 0.9% 81,130 0.6% 81,130 0.6% 56,845 0.5% 78,915 0.7% 52,170 0.5%
Multiple visible minority 181,025 1.3% 97,970 0.7% 96,735 0.8% 77,405 0.6% 42,375 0.4% 35,160 0.3%
Total visible minority population 4,817,360 34.3% 3,885,585 29.3% 3,279,565 25.9% 2,745,205 22.8% 2,153,045 19.1% 1,682,045 15.8%
Indigenous group
 First Nations (North American Indian) 251,030 1.8% 236,680 1.8% 338,480 2.7% 311,830 2.5% 131,560 1.2%
Métis 134,615 1.0% 120,585 0.9% 89,975 0.7% 81,320 0.7% 48,340 0.4%
Inuk (Inuit) 4,310 0.0% 3,860 0% 5,310 0.0% 4,250 0.0% 1,380 0.0%
Multiple Indigenous responses 7,115 0.1% 5,730 0% 7,630 0.1% 6,395 0.1% 1,690 0.0%
Indigenous responses n.i.e. 9,515 0.1% 7,540 0.1% 5,345 0.0%
Total Indigenous population 406,585 2.9% 374,395 2.8% 441,395[19] 3.5% 403,790 3.4% 188,315 1.7% 246,065 2.3%
Total population 14,031,750 100.0% 13,242,160 100.0% 12,651,795 100.0% 12,028,895 100.0% 11,285,550 100.0% 10,642,790 100.0%

There is a striking difference between the Toronto CMA[citation needed] (5,862,850) and the rest of Ontario (7,379,310); in particular, in the Toronto CMA visible minorities account for 51.4% of the population (3,011,900), whereas in the rest of Ontario the percentage of visible minorities in the overall population is much lower, at 11.8% (873,685). Back in 1996,1,338,095 of 4,232,905 Toronto CMA residents belonged to a visible minority,[20] i.e. 31.6% of its population; regarding the rest of Ontario, only 343,950 of its 6,409,885 residents, i.e. 5.4%, were visible minorities.[21]

Language[edit]

The following figures are from the 2016 census.[4] The tables includes languages that were selected by at least 0.99 per cent of respondents. Respondents to the census are able to provide multiple responses for questions relating to knowledge of languages, and mother tongue.

Knowledge of languages[edit]

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census and the 2016 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least one per cent of respondents.

Knowledge of official languages of Canada in Ontario (2016)
Language Percentage
English only
 
 86.05%
French only
 
 0.30%
English and French
 
 11.19%
Neither English nor French
 
 2.46%
Knowledge of languages in Ontario
Language 2021[22] 2016
Pop. % Pop. %
English 13,650,230 97.28% 12,879,045 97.26%
French 1,550,545 11.05% 1,521,020 11.49%
Mandarin 467,420 3.33% 385,452 2.91%
Hindi 436,125 3.11% 250,095 1.89%
Spanish 401,205 2.86% 337,615 2.55%
Punjabi 397,865 2.84% 282,065 2.13%
Cantonese 352,135 2.51% 341,875 2.58%
Arabic 342,860 2.44% 246,015 1.86%
Italian 312,800 2.23% 333,645 2.52%
Urdu 295,175 2.1% 231,500 1.75%
Tagalog 271,445 1.93% 232,935 1.76%
Portuguese 208,575 1.49% 193,520 1.46%
Tamil 192,890 1.37% 157,700 1.19%
German 158,115 1.13% 189,035 1.43%
Russian 155,340 1.11% N/A <1%
Gujarati 143,240 1.02% N/A <1%
Iranian Persian 138,910[note 1] 0.99%[note 2] 145,465[note 3] 1.10%[note 4]
Polish 134,985 0.96% 142,985 1.08%

Mother tongue[edit]

Language Responses %[note 5]
Single responses
English 8,902,320 66.87
French 490,715 3.68
Mandarin 283,735 2.13
Cantonese 275,315 2.07
Italian 231,040 1.74
Punjabi 197,060 1.48
Spanish 191,025 1.43
Arabic 171,370 1.29
Urdu 152,385 1.14
Portuguese 150,000 1.13
Tagalog 163,415 1.23
German 131,525 0.99
Multiple responses
English and French 54,045 0.51
English and non-official language 288,285 2.17
French and non-official language 12,565 0.09
English, French, and non-official language 11,010 0.08

Religion[edit]

Religion in Ontario in 2011, Statscan National Household Survey [1]
Christian denominations in Canada
Canadian interchurch
Anabaptist & Friends
Baptist & Stone-Campbell
Anglican & Catholic
Holiness & Pietist
Lutheran
Methodist
Eastern & Oriental Orthodox
Pentecostal
Presbyterian & Reformed
Other
Religious groups in Ontario (1981−2021)
Religious group 2021[23] 2011[24] 2001[25] 1991[26] 1981[27]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Christianity 7,315,810 52.14% 8,167,295 64.55% 8,413,495 74.55% 8,160,730 81.79% 7,622,530 89.32%
Irreligion 4,433,675 31.6% 2,927,790 23.14% 1,841,290 16.32% 1,247,640 12.51% 620,815 7.27%
Islam 942,990 6.72% 581,950 4.6% 352,525 3.12% 145,560 1.46% 52,110 0.61%
Hinduism 573,700 4.09% 366,720 2.9% 217,560 1.93% 106,705 1.07% 41,655 0.49%
Sikhism 300,435 2.14% 179,765 1.42% 104,790 0.93% 50,085 0.5% 16,645 0.2%
Buddhism 164,215 1.17% 163,750 1.29% 128,320 1.14% 65,325 0.65% 18,595 0.22%
Judaism 196,100 1.4% 195,540 1.55% 190,795 1.69% 175,640 1.76% 148,255 1.74%
Indigenous spirituality 15,985 0.11% 15,905 0.13% — — — — — —
Other 88,845 0.63% 53,080 0.42% 36,770 0.33% 25,370 0.25% 8,805 0.1%
Total responses 14,031,750 98.65% 12,651,795 98.44% 11,285,545 98.91% 9,977,055 98.93% 8,534,260 98.95%
Total population 14,223,942 100% 12,851,821 100% 11,410,046 100% 10,084,885 100% 8,625,107 100%

Migration[edit]

Immigration[edit]

Ontario is a very diverse province. For example, 54.8% of the population of Toronto was born outside Canada,[28] which is the second-largest percentage of immigrants in a single city on Earth, after Miami. Hamilton is ranked the third-most diverse urbanized area in Canada (after Toronto and Vancouver). [citation needed]

Ontario immigration[29]: 36–37 [30]: 78 [31]: 239 [32]: 108 
Year Immigrant percentage Immigrant population Total population
1851 42% 399,494 952,004
1861 35.3% 493,212 1,396,091
1881 22.2% 427,508 1,926,922
1891 19.1% 403,389 2,114,321
1901 14.8% 324,160 2,182,947
1911 20.1% 507,846 2,527,292
1921 21.9% 641,683 2,933,662
1931 23.4% 804,285 3,431,683
1941 19.4% 733,282 3,787,655
1951 18.5% 849,965 4,597,542
1961 21.7% 1,353,157 6,236,092
1971 22.2% 1,707,400 7,703,110

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 4,206,585 persons or 30.0 percent of the total population of Ontario.[33]

Immigrants in Ontario by country of birth
Country of birth 2021[34][33] 2016[35] 2011[36][37] 2006[38][39] 2001[40][41]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
India 495,750 11.8% 360,545 9.4% 310,410 8.6% 258,530 7.6% 174,560 5.8%
China 355,955 8.5% 317,220 8.2% 267,780 7.4% 229,950 6.8% 164,885 5.4%
Philippines 268,575 6.4% 231,760 6% 204,035 5.6% 151,375 4.5% 119,215 3.9%
United Kingdom 239,485 5.7% 264,120 6.9% 291,935 8.1% 321,645 9.5% 342,900 11.3%
Pakistan 165,530 3.9% 142,265 3.7% 114,595 3.2% 100,940 3% 60,385 2%
Italy 135,640 3.2% 157,815 4.1% 170,710 4.7% 198,315 5.8% 210,540 6.9%
Jamaica 122,770 2.9% 119,840 3.1% 111,475 3.1% 109,360 3.2% 105,410 3.5%
Sri Lanka 112,730 2.7% 109,855 2.9% 110,800 3.1% 89,610 2.6% 72,990 2.4%
United States 111,390 2.6% 109,005 2.8% 115,045 3.2% 106,405 3.1% 98,190 3.2%
Hong Kong 108,480 2.6% 108,035 2.8% 105,855 2.9% 111,630 3.3% 119,615 3.9%
Total immigrants 4,206,585 30% 3,852,145 29.1% 3,611,365 28.5% 3,398,725 28.3% 3,030,075 26.8%
Total responses 14,031,750 98.6% 13,242,160 98.5% 12,651,795 98.4% 12,028,895 98.9% 11,285,545 98.9%
Total population 14,223,942 100% 13,448,494 100% 12,851,821 100% 12,160,282 100% 11,410,046 100%

Recent immigration[edit]

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 584,680 people who immigrated to Ontario between 2016 and 2021.[33]

Recent immigrants to Ontario by country of birth (2016 to 2021)[33]
Country of birth Population % recent immigrants
India 139,655 23.9%
China 54,645 9.3%
Philippines 45,235 7.7%
Syria 30,180 5.2%
Pakistan 23,970 4.1%
United States 17,940 3.1%
Nigeria 16,575 2.8%
Iran 13,215 2.3%
Iraq 12,940 2.2%
Jamaica 9,975 1.7%
Total 584,680 100%

Interprovincial migration[edit]

Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces
Main article: Interprovincial migration in Canada

Ontario's interprovincial migration rate have shifted over the years. It was negative in the 1970s, positive in the 1980s, but then negative again in the 1990s. It went back to the positive in around the time of the turn of the millennium for a few years, but has been in the negatives constantly from 2003 to 2015, and has been in the positives since then. Over the period from 1971 to 2015, Ontario was the province which experience the second lowest levels of interprovincial in-migration and out-migration, second only to Quebec.[42]

Interprovincial migration in Ontario
In-migrants Out-migrants Net migration
2008–09 57,458 73,059 −15,601
2009–10 59,741 64,403 −4,662
2010–11 58,317 62,324 −4,007
2011–12 60,459 71,070 −10,611
2012–13 54,678 68,579 −13,901
2013–14 57,415 71,979 −14,564
2014–15 62,874 71,569 −8,695
2015–16 71,790 62,713 9,077
2016–17 71,717 58,335 13,382
2017–18 69,918 59,974 9,944
2018–19 77,281 65,550 11,731
2019–20 97,031 89,210 7,821

Source: Statistics Canada

See also[edit]

Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  2. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
  1. ^ 2021 census data differentiates between Persian registers (Dari, Farsi (Iranian Persian), and other. Number also includes Persian (Farsi) not otherwise specified
  2. ^ 2021 census data differentiates between Persian registers (Dari, Farsi (Iranian Persian), and other. Number also includes Persian (Farsi) not otherwise specified
  3. ^ Included all Persian registers, as 2016 census data did not differentiate between either.
  4. ^ Included all Persian registers, as 2016 census data did not differentiate between either.
  5. ^ The following is the total figure from all respondents, including single, and multi-answered respondents.
  1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an Indigenous identity.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Estimates of the components of natural increase, quarterly1, 2". Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  2. ^ "Life expectancy at birth, by sex, by province". Archived from the original on January 14, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  3. ^ "Infant mortality rates, by province and territory". Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ontario [Province] and Canada [Country]". Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  5. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  6. ^ "Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex".
  7. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  8. ^ "Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census". 12.statcan.gc.ca. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  9. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2011 and 2006 censuses". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  10. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  11. ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  12. ^ a b "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Metropolitan : Areas in Decreasing Order of 1996 Population, 1991 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data". Statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  13. ^ "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Ontario, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". 12.statcan.gc.ca. October 25, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  14. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (September 8, 2022). "Canada in 2041: A larger, more diverse population with greater differences between regions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
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