Brontotheriidae

Brontotheres
Temporal range: 56–34 Ma Eocene
Megacerops skeleton at the
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Brontotheriidae
Marsh, 1873
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • Menodontidae
  • Titanotheriidae

Brontotheriidae is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially, they looked rather like rhinos with some developing bony nose horns, and were some of the earliest mammals to have evolved large body sizes. They lived around 56–34 million years ago, until the very close of the Eocene.

Characteristics and evolution[edit]

Megacerops reconstruction
Life reconstruction of Megacerops
Protitanops curryi reconstruction
Life reconstruction of Protitanops curryi
Rhinotitan skull
Skull of Rhinotitan

Brontotheres retain four toes on their front feet and three toes on their hind feet. Their teeth are adapted to shearing (cutting) relatively nonabrasive vegetation. Their molars have a characteristic W-shaped ectoloph (outer shearing blade).

The evolutionary history of this group is well known due to an excellent fossil record in North America.[1] The earliest brontotheres, such as Eotitanops, were rather small, no more than a meter in height, and hornless.

Brontotheres evolved massive bodies, although some small species such as Nanotitanops did persist through the Eocene.[2] Some genera, such as Dolichorhinus, evolved highly elongated skulls. Later brontotheres were massive, up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) tall with horn-like skull appendages. The North American brontothere Megacerops, for example, evolved large sexually dimorphic paired horns above their noses. The sexually dimorphic horns suggest that brontotheres were highly gregarious (social) and males may have performed some sort of head-clashing behavior in competition for mates. Unlike rhinoceros, in which the horns are made of keratin, however, the horns of brontotheres are composed of bone (the frontal bone and nasal bone) and were placed side-to-side rather than front-to-back.

Brontotheres probably became extinct because they could not adapt to drier conditions and more open landscapes of the Oligocene.[3]

Brontothere model reconstruction (Parvicornis occidentalis) at the San Diego Natural History Museum

Classification[edit]

Brontotheres are an early diverging clade within Perissodactyla. Although historically suggested to be closely related to horses,[4] phylogenetic analyses have recovered them to lie outside the clade containing chalicotheres, rhinoceroses, tapirs and horses,[5] or more closely related to chalicotheres, rhinoceroses and tapirs than to horses.[6]

Classification for Brontotheriidae after Mihlbachler 2008[7] and Mader 2010[8]
 Brontotheriidae 

 Eotitanopinae

 Palaeosyopinae

 Brontotheriinae
 Brontotheriini

 Rhadinorhinina

 Telmatheriina

 Brontotheriina

 Brontotheriita

 Embolotheriita

Two classification systems for Brontotheriidae are presented below. The first contains 43 genera and 8 subfamilies, and although it is based on a 1997 publication by McKenna and Bell, it summarizes research that was conducted before 1920 and is badly outdated. The second classification is based on 2004 and 2005 research by Mihlbachler et al., which indicates that many of the previous subfamily names are invalid. Several more recently discovered brontotheres are included in the newer classification.

Although Lambdotherium and Xenicohippus were previously included in Brontotheriidae, they are no longer considered members of this family. Lambdotherium, though excluded, may be the closest known relative to brontotheres. Xenicohippus is now thought to be an early member of the horse family, Equidae.

Old classification (summarized by McKenna and Bell, 1997) New classification (Mihlbachler et al., 2004a, 2004b; Mihlbachler, 2005)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Titanotherium
  2. ^ Sanisidro, O.; Mihlbachler, M. C.; Cantalapiedra, J. L. (2023). "A macroevolutionary pathway to megaherbivory". Science. 380 (6645): 616–618. doi:10.1126/science.ade1833.
  3. ^ Sanisidro, Oscar; Mihlbachler, Matthew C.; Cantalapiedra, Juan L. (2023-05-12). "A macroevolutionary pathway to megaherbivory". Science. 380 (6645): 616–618. doi:10.1126/science.ade1833. ISSN 0036-8075.
  4. ^ Koenigswald W von (1994) U-shaped orientation of Hunter-Schreger Bands in the enamel of Moropus (Mammalia: Chalicotheriidae) in comparison to some other Perissodactyla. Ann Carnegie Mus 63:49–65
  5. ^ Hooker, J. J.; Dashzeveg, D. (November 2004). "The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)". Palaeontology. 47 (6): 1363–1386. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00421.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
  6. ^ Bai, Bin; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Meng, Jin (2018-08-15). "The divergence and dispersal of early perissodactyls as evidenced by early Eocene equids from Asia". Communications Biology. 1 (1). doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0116-5. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6123789. PMID 30271995.
  7. ^ Mihlbachler, Matthew C. "Species taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (311). American Museum of Natural History. hdl:2246/5913. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  8. ^ Mader, Bryn J. "A species-level revision of the North American brontotheres Eotitanops and Palaeosyops (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)" (PDF). Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College. Retrieved 4 September 2013.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]