1995 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1995.

Plants[edit]

Conifers[edit]

Conifer research[edit]

  • Phipps, Osborne, & Stockey detail permineralized Pinus pollen cones from the Allenby Formations Princeton Chert site. The description is the first to include in-situ pollen ultrastructure and the cones are the oldest Pinus pollen cones that had been described to date. Affiliation with the Princeton chert organ taxa Pinus similkameenensis (leaves) and Pinus arnoldii (seed cones) was suggested.[2]

Molluscs[edit]

Bivalves[edit]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Camya[3]

gen et sp nov

valid

Hinz-Schallreuter

Early Cambrian

Bornholm

 Denmark

The type species is C. asy

Pojetaia ostseensis[3]

sp nov

nomen dubium

Hinz-Schallreuter

Early Cambrian

Bornholm

 Denmark

Probable synonym of P. runnegari

Arthropods[edit]

Newly named arachnids[edit]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Uintascorpio[4]

gen et sp nov

valid

Perry

Middle Eocene

Green River Formation

 USA

only scorpion from the Green River Formation

Newly named insects[edit]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Aphaenogaster amphioceanica[5]

Sp nov

Valid

De Andrade

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A myrmicine ant

Aphaenogaster amphioceanica

Aphaenogaster praerelicta[5]

Sp nov

Valid

De Andrade

Burdigalian

Mexican amber

 Mexico

A myrmicine ant

Baltimartyria[6]

gen et comb nov

valid

Skalski

Early Eocene

Baltic amber

A micropterigid moth
moved from Micropterix proavitella (1936)

Dryinus grimaldii[7]

sp nov

valid

Olmi

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A Dryinus lamellatus group wasp

Dryinus grimaldii

Electrinocellia[8]

subfam, gen et sp nov

Valid

Engel

Eocene

Baltic amber

sister taxon to the rest of Inocelliidae

Exocryptocerus jansei[9]

sp nov

Jr synonym

Vierbergen & Scheven

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant,
moved to Cephalotes jansei (1999)[10]

Cephalotes jansei

Exocryptocerus elevatus[9]

sp nov

Jr synonym

Vierbergen & Scheven

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant,
jr synonym of Cephalotes serratus (1999)[10]

Exocryptocerus serratus[9]

sp nov

Jr synonym

Vierbergen & Scheven

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant,
moved to Cephalotes serratus (1999)[10]

Cephalotes serratus

Exocryptocerus truncatus[9][10]

sp nov

Jr synonym

Vierbergen & Scheven

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant,
jr synonym of Cephalotes serratus (1999)[10]

Cephalotes serratus

Zacryptocerus alveolatus[9]

sp nov

Jr synonym

Vierbergen & Scheven

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A myrmicinae ant,
moved to Cephalotes alveolatus (1999)[10]

Zacryptocerus alveolatus

Fish[edit]

Newly named bony fish[edit]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Asiamericana[11]

Gen. et sp. nov

dubious

Nesov

Turonian

Bissekty Formation

A possible ichthyodectid. Originally described as possible spinosaurid teeth.

Archosauromorphs[edit]

Newly named dinosaurs[edit]

  • Fossil hunters working on behalf of the Royal Saskatchewan Museum discover a large coprolite from a theropod dinosaur in Maastrichtian strata. In 1997 it is sent to coprolite specialist Karen Chin, who determines that this specimen of fossilized feces was attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex. One year later, in 1998, Karen Chin and others publish a joint paper in Nature announcing the finding.
  • Paul Sereno lead an expedition to the Kem Kem region of southeastern Morocco. Among the fossils discovered is a partial skull of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus. Significantly, it preserves a "complete and undistorted braincase" which would later be described in detail along with the structure of the inner ear of C. saharicus by Hans C. E. Larsson in 2001.[12]

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[13]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Achelousaurus[14]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Sampson

Campanian

Two Medicine Formation

A centrosaurin ceratopsian

Achelousaurus

Ampelosaurus[15]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Le Loeuff

Maastrichtian

Marnes Rouges Inferieures Formation

A French titanosaur

Ampelosaurus

"Brontoraptor"

nomen nudum

Redman

Bugenasaura

Gen et sp nov

Junior synonym of Thescelosaurus[16]

Galton

Lancian

Hell Creek

Chindesaurus[17]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Long & Murry

A herrerasaurid
Chindesaurus

"Dinotyrannus"[18]

Gen et sp nov

Junior synonym of Tyrannosaurus

Olshevsky

Lancian

Einiosaurus[14]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Sampson

Campanian

Two Medicine Formation

A centrosaurin ceratopsian

Einiosaurus

Genusaurus[19]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Accarie et al.

Giganotosaurus[20]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Coria & Salgado

A carcharodontosaurid
Giganotosaurus

Jainosaurus[21]

Valid

Hunt, Lockley, Lucas, & Meyer

 India

"Jenghizkhan"[22]

Junior Synonym

Olshevsky

Junior synonym of Tarbosaurus

Tarbosaurus.

Jingshanosaurus[23]

Valid

Zhang & Yang

  China
"Jingshanosaurus"

Kulceratops[11]

Valid

Nesov

"Liassaurus"[24]

nomen nudum

Welles, Powell, & Pickering

"Merosaurus"[24]

nomen nudum

Welles, Powell, & Pickering

Niobrarasaurus[25]

Valid

Carpenter, Dilkes, & Weishampel

Coniacian-Santonian

Niobrara Formation

A nodosaurid

Saurophaganax[26]

Valid

Chure

Kimmeridgian-Tithonian

Morrison Formation

An allosaurid

"Stygivenator"[18]

Gen nov

junior synonym

Olshevsky

Lancian

Hell Creek Formation

Junior synonym of Tyrannosaurus

Texasetes[27]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Coombs

late Albian-early Cenomanian

Paw Paw Formation

A nodosaurid

"Walkersaurus"[24]

nomen nudum

Welles, Powell & Pickering vide: Pickering

Bajocian

Material later named Duriavenator

Newly named birds[edit]

Name Status Novelty Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Ajaia chione [28]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Steven D. Emslie

Pleistocene

Early Irvingtonian,

Bermont Formation

 USA:

 Florida

A threskiornithid.

Ameripodius silvasantosi [29]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga

Late Oligocene-Early Miocene

Tremembé Formation

 Brazil

A quercymegapodiid craciform

Anhinga malagurala [30]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Brian Mackness

Early Pliocene

Allingham Formation

 Australia:

 Queensland

An anhingid

Avisaurus gloriae [31]

Sp. nov.

Valid

David J. Varricchio

Luis M. Chiappe

Late Cretaceous

Maastrichtian,

Hell Creek Formation

 USA:

 Montana

An avisaurid enantiornithean

Boluochia zhengi [32]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Zhou Zhonghe

Early Cretaceous

Valanginian,

Jiufotang Formation

 China

A longipterygid enantiornithean

Confuciusornis sanctus [33]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Hou Lianhai

Zhou Zhonghe

Gu Yucai

Zhang He

Early Cretaceous

Yixian Formation

 China

A confuciusornithid

Corvus moravicus [34]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jiri Mlikovsky

Early Pleistocene

Stránská Skála

 Czech Republic

A corvid

Eudocimus leiseyi [28]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Steven D. Emslie

Pleistocene

Early Irvingtonian,

Bermont Formation

 USA:

 Florida

A threskiornithid

Grus pagei [35]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Kenneth E. Campbell, jr.

Late Pleistocene

Rancho la Brea

 USA:

 California

A gruid

Hinasuri nehuensis [36]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Claudia P. Tambussi

Middle-Late Pliocene

Monte Hermoso Formation

 Argentina

A rheid

Idiornis tuberculata [37]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Dieter S. Peters

Middle Eocene

Messel pit:

MP 11

 Germany:

 Hessen

An idiornithid gruiform; the genus was synonymized with the genus Dynamopterus Milne-Edwards, 1892 by Mourer-Chauviré, 2013 [38]

Itardiornis hessae [39]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Cécile Mourer-Chauviré

Late Eocene and Middle Eocene

MP 21 and MP 23

 France

A messelornithid gruiform

Lagopus balcanicus [40]

Sp. nov.

Valid

ppZlatozar N. Boev

Late Pliocene

MN 17,

Middle Villafranchian

 Bulgaria

A phasianid

Larus lacus [41]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Steven D. Emslie

Late Pliocene

Late Blancan

 USA:

 Florida

A larid

Larus perpetuus [41]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Steven D. Emslie

Late Pliocene

Late Blancan

 USA:

 Florida

A larid

Meganhinga chilensis [42]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga

Miocene

Cura-Mallín Formation

 Chile

An anhingid

Menura tyawanoides [43]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Walter E. Boles

?Early Miocene

Riversleigh

 Australia:

 Queensland

A menurid

Messelornis russelli [39]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Cécile Mourer-Chauviré

Late Paleocene

MP 6

 France

A messelornithid gruiform

Phalacrocorax filyawi [41]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Steven D. Emslie

Late Pliocene

Late Blancan

 USA:

 Florida

A phalacrocoracid

Qinornis paleocenica [44]

Gen. et sp. nov.

Valid

Xue Xiangxu

Early-Middle Paleocene

Shimen Basin

 China

An indeterminate neognath

Pterosaurs[edit]

New taxa[edit]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Plataleorhynchus

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Howse and Milner

Early Cretaceous

Purbeck Limestone

Plataleorhynchus

Synapsids[edit]

Mammals[edit]

New taxa[edit]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Asiavorator[45]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Spassov and Lange-Badré

Late Eocene to early Oligocene

Hsanda Gol Formation

Type species is A. altidens, though this later became a junior synonym of A. gracilis.

Asiavorator limb bones

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
  2. ^ Phipps, CJ; Osborn, JM; Stockey, RA (1995). "Pinus Pollen Cones from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 156 (1): 117–124. doi:10.1086/297232. S2CID 84598167.
  3. ^ a b Elicki, O.; Gürsu, S. (2009). "First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves" (PDF). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 267–291. Bibcode:2009PalZ...83..267E. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9. S2CID 49380913. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
  4. ^ Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Soleglad, Michael E.; Fet, Victor (2004). "A redescription and family placement of Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 from the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation (middle Eocene) of Colorado, USA (Scorpiones: Buthidae)" (PDF). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología. 10: 7–16.
  5. ^ a b De Andrade, M. L. (1995). "The ant genus Aphaenogaster in Dominican and Mexican amber (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. IX: Pheidolini)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 223: 1–11.
  6. ^ Mey, Wolfram (2011). "On the systematic position of Baltimartyria Skalski, 1995 and description of a new species from Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae)". ZooKeys (130): 331–342. Bibcode:2011ZooK..130..331M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1480. PMC 3260770. PMID 22259287.
  7. ^ Olmi, Massimo; Guglielmino, Adalgisa (2011). "Revision of fossil species of Dryinus belonging to lamellatus group, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae)" (PDF). ZooKeys (130): 505–514. Bibcode:2011ZooK..130..505O. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1335. PMC 3260778. PMID 22259296.
  8. ^ Engel, M.S. (1995). "A new fossil snake-fly species from Baltic amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 102 (3–4): 187–193. doi:10.1155/1995/23626. hdl:1808/16479.
  9. ^ a b c d e Vierbergen, G.; Scheven, J. (1995). "Nine new species and a new genus of Dominican amber ants of the tribe (Cephalotini Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Creation Research Society Quarterly. 32 (3): 158–170.
  10. ^ a b c d e f de Andrade, M. L.; Baroni Urbani, C. (1999). "Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, past and present". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 271: 537–538.
  11. ^ a b Nesov, L.A. (1995). "Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: new data about assemblages, ecology and palaeogeography (in Russian)". University of Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg: 156.
  12. ^ "Introduction," Chure (2001). Pg. 20.
  13. ^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  14. ^ a b Sampson, S.D. (1995). "Two new horned dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, with a phylogenetic analysis of the Centrosaurinae (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (4): 743–760. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..743S. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011259.
  15. ^ Le Loeuff, J. (1995). "Ampelosaurus atacis (nov. gen., nov. sp), un nouveau Titanosauridae (Dinosauria, Saurpoda) du Crétacé Supérieur de la haute vallée de l'Aude (France)". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 321 (sér. II a): 693–696.
  16. ^ Boyd, C. A.; Brown, C. M.; Scheetz, R. D.; Clarke, J. A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 758–770. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..758B. doi:10.1671/039.029.0328. S2CID 84273584.
  17. ^ Long, R.A. and P.A. Murry. 1995. Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States. New Mexico Museum Nat. History Sci. Bull. 4: pp. 1-254.
  18. ^ a b Olshevsky vide Olshevsky, G. 1995. The Origin and Evolution of the Tyrannosaurids. Kyoryugaku Saizensen [Dino-Frontline] 9: 92-119 (part 1); 10:75-99 (part 2)
  19. ^ Accarie, H., B. Beaudoin, J. Dejax, G. Fries, J.-C. Michard, and P. Taquet. 1995. Decouverte d’un Dinosaure Theropode nouveau (Genusaurus sisteronis n. g., n. sp.) dans l’Albien marin de Sisteron (Alpes de Haute-Provence, France) et extension au Cretace inferieur de la lignee ceratosaurienne. Compte rendu hebdomadaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, tomo 320, 2nd series : pp. 327-334.
  20. ^ Coria, R.A.; Salgado, L. (1995). "A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia". Nature. 377 (6546): 224–226. Bibcode:1995Natur.377..224C. doi:10.1038/377224a0. S2CID 30701725.
  21. ^ Hunt, A.P., M.G. Lockley, S.G. Lucas, and C.A. Meyer. 1995 [George Olshevsky notes 1995, not 1994]. The global sauropod fossil record. In:Aspects of sauropod paleobiology (M.G. Lockley, V.F. dos Santos, C.A. Meyer, and A. Hunt, eds,). Revista de Geociencias, Gaia 10: pp. 261-279.
  22. ^ Olshevsky vide Olshevsky, G [with illustrations by T.L. Ford and S. Yamamoto]. 1995. The Origin and Evolution of the Ornithopods. Kyoryugaku Saizensen [Dino-Frontline] 11: 98-119 (part 1); 12: 96-117 (part 2); 13: 97-109 (part 3, 1996);
  23. ^ Zhang, Y., and Z. Yang. 1994 [George Olshevsky notes 1995, not 1994]. A new complete ostology of Prosauropoda in Lufeng Basin Yunnan China, Jingshanosaurus. Yunnan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Kunming, China: pp. 1-100.
  24. ^ a b c Welles, H. P. Powell & Pickering vide Pickering, S. 1995. A fractal scaling in dinosaurology project (2nd revised printing). Capitola, California: 478 pages;
  25. ^ Carpenter, K.; Dilkes, D.; Weishampel, D.B. (1995). "The Dinosaurs of the Niobrara Chalk Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Kansas)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (2): 275–297. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..275C. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011230.
  26. ^ Chure, D.J. 1995. A reassessment of the gigantic theropod Saurophagus maximus from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Oklahoma, USA. Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota: pp. 103-106.
  27. ^ Coombs, W.P. 1995. A nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Texas. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 15 (2):pp. 298-312.
  28. ^ a b Steven D. Emslie (1995). "An Early Irvingtonian Avifauna from Leisey Shell Pit". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 37 (1): 299–344.
  29. ^ Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga (1995). "Um Primitivo Membro da Ordem Galliformes (Aves) do Terciário Médio da Bacia de Taubaté, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 67: 33–44.
  30. ^ Brian Mackness (1995). "Anhinga malagurala, A New Pygmy Darter form the Early Pliocene Bluff Downs Local Fauna, North- Eastern Queensland". Emu. 95 (4): 265–271. Bibcode:1995EmuAO..95..265M. doi:10.1071/mu9950265.
  31. ^ David J. Varricchio; Luis M. Chiappe (1995). "A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (1): 201–204. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..201V. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011219.
  32. ^ Zhou Zhonghe (1995). "Discovery of a New Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 33 (2): 99–113.
  33. ^ Hou Lianhai; Zhou Zhonghe; Gu Yucai; Zhang He (1995). "Confuciusornis sanctus, a New Late Jurassic Sauriurine Bird from China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 40: 1545–1551. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09.
  34. ^ Jiri Mlikovsky (1995). "Early Pleistoceen Birds of Stránska Skála Hill, Czech Republic: 1. Musil's Talus Cone" (PDF). In: R Musil (Ed): Stránka Skála Hill,. Excavation of Open-Air Sediments 1964-1972. Moravian Museum, Brno, Anthropos Series. 26: 111–126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
  35. ^ Kenneth E. Campbell, jr. (1995). "A Review of the Cranes (Aves: Gruidae) of Rancho La Brea, with the Description of a New Species" (PDF). Museum of Natural History of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science. 452: 1–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
  36. ^ Claudia P. Tambussi (1995). "The Fossil Rheiformes from Argentina". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 121–129.
  37. ^ Dieter S. Peters (1995). "Idiornis tuberculata N. Spec. Ein Weiterer Ungewohnlicher Vogel aus der Grube Messel (Aves: Gruiformes: Cariamidae: Idiornithinae)". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 107–119.
  38. ^ Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (2002). "Idiornis Oberholser, 1899 (Aves, Gruiformes, Cariamae, Idiornithidae): a Junior Synonym of Dynamopterus Milne-Edwards, 1892 (Paleogene, Phosphorites du Quercy, France)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 270 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0355.
  39. ^ a b Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (1995). "The Messelornithidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Palaeocene of France". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 95–105.
  40. ^ Zlatozar N. Boev (1995). "Middle Villafranchian Birds from Varshets (Western Balkan Range-Bulgaria)". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 259–269.
  41. ^ a b c Steven D. Emslie (1995). "A Catastrophic Death Assemblage of a New Species of Cormorant and Other Seabirds from the Late Pliocene of Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (2): 313–330. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..313E. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011232.
  42. ^ Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga (1995). "A Large and Probably Flightless Anhinga from the Miocene of Chile". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 149–161.
  43. ^ Walter E. Boles (1995). "A Preliminary Analysis of the Passeriformes from Riversleigh, Northwestern Queensland, Australia, with the description of a New Species of Lyrebird" (PDF). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 163–170.
  44. ^ Xue Xiangxu (1995). "Qinornis paleocenica - a Palaeocene Bird Discovered in China". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 181: 89–93.
  45. ^ Spassov, Nikolay; Lange-Badré, B. (1995). "Asiavorator altidens gen et sp. nov., un mammifere carnivore nouveau de l'Oligocene superieur de Mongolie". Annales de Paléontologie (in French). 81 (3): 109–123.