In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is defined by small shifts in otherwise degenerate energy levels and the resulting splittings in those energy levels...

meaning of the fine structure constant? — Wolfgang Pauli[full citation needed] Dimensionless physical constant Hyperfine structure CODATA 2018, published...

Pauli exclusion principle, the Aufbau principle, and Hund's rule. Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin–orbit coupling...

nucleus is a slighter correction to the energy levels known as the hyperfine structure. This section presents a relatively simple and quantitative description...

perturbation theory. However, this equation does not contain the hyperfine structure corrections, which are due to interactions with the nuclear spin...

atom with a simple two level structure, whereas most atomic species which are laser cooled have complicated hyperfine structure. Mechanisms such as Sisyphus...

example, the fine-structure corrections are ignored. In the magnetic dipole approximation, the Hamiltonian which includes both the hyperfine and Zeeman interactions...

hydrogen, including fine structure (excluding Lamb shift and hyperfine structure), are given by the Sommerfeld fine-structure expression: E j n = − μ c...

complicated by spin and quantum vacuum effects to produce fine structure and hyperfine structure. Nevertheless, the Bohr radius formula remains central in...

moment; the quadrupole moment does cause some small shifts in the hyperfine structure as well. All nuclei that have nonzero spin also possess a nonzero...