sensory feedback mechanisms. Leech The leech moves by producing dorsoventral undulations. The phase lags between body segments is about 20 degrees and independent...

and colleagues argue that Pachycetus would have had to rely on dorsoventral undulation, meaning it was limited to moving its body up and down. This limited...

side-to-side motion resembling stern sculling, which allows tail swimming and undulation. The stiffened notochord prevents movement through telescoping motion...

fish consisting of skates, rays and other fish all characterized by dorsoventrally flattened bodies and large pectoral fins fused to the head. This distinctive...

the pectoral girdle, as well as providing passive support by limiting dorsoventral (vertical) flexion. Unlike ossified tendons, the cervical ribs of Tanystropheus...

the body and caused the limbs to move in a more anteroposterior and dorsoventral pattern. This in turn affected the shape of the humerus and as a result...

vertebrae and a dorsoventrally flattened trunk that would have inhibited side-to-side movement. This movement, called lateral undulation, is seen in most...