marked by 2 distinct features: turnismo and caciquismo. According to the turnista routine, elections were organized by one of two rotating pre-appointed...

marked by 2 distinct features: turnismo and caciquismo. According to the turnista routine, elections were organized by one of two rotating pre-appointed...

system of Restauración was falling into pieces and two major partidos turnistas were rapidly disintegrating, it might have appeared that an anti-establishment...

to Carlist insurgency, he nevertheless signed a letter lambasting the turnista system as corrupted and unsustainable. The same year he took part in ambiguous...

campaign Tamarit concluded that challenging candidates of two partidos turnistas in a single-mandate district was a lost cause; instead, he decided to...

political force that would bring together all the sectors opposed to the turnista system and to caciquismo. Autonomy for Galicia was the other main goal...

declining turnover at the polls and growing fragmentation of two partidos turnistas, it was becoming evident that political system of Restauración was crumbling...

During final years of Restauración he was in vain lured by both partidos turnistas, offering him safe place on electoral lists and ministerial jobs; Pradera...