Madrid Metro

For the urbanised territory, see Madrid metropolitan area.

Network map

Madrid Metro
Overview
Native nameMetro de Madrid
OwnerAutonomous Government of the Community of Madrid
LocaleMadrid, Spain
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines13[1]
Number of stations276[2][n. 1]
Daily ridership2.4 million
Annual ridership662,3 million (2023)[3]
WebsiteMetro de Madrid
Operation
Began operation17 October 1919
Operator(s)Metro de Madrid
Number of vehicles~2400[4]
Technical
System length293.0 km (182.1 mi)[1]
Track gauge1,445 mm (4 ft 8+7⁄8 in) (Lines 1–12, R)
1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge (Metro Ligero)
Electrification600 V DC overhead lines (Lines 1, 4, 5, 6, 9)
750 V DC overhead lines (Metro Ligero)
1,500 V DC overhead lines (all other lines)
System map

Unofficial map – network as of 2013

The Madrid Metro (Spanish: Metro de Madrid) is a rapid transit system serving the city of Madrid, capital of Spain. The system is the 14th longest rapid transit system in the world, with a total length of 293 km (182 mi). Its growth between 1995 and 2007 put it among the fastest-growing networks in the world at the time. However, the European debt crisis greatly slowed expansion plans, with many projects being postponed and canceled. Unlike normal Spanish road and rail traffic, which drive on the right, Madrid Metro trains use left-hand running on all lines because traffic in Madrid drove on the left until 1924, five years after the system started operating.

Trains are in circulation every day from 6:00 am until 1:30 am,[5] though during the weekends, this schedule is to be extended by one more hour in the morning in 2020. Furthermore, the regional government intends to keep stations opened around the clock during these days from 2023 onwards.[6][7] It has only stayed open 24 hours during the 2017 World Pride and during the 2021 Madrid snowstorm.[8]

A light rail system feeding the metro opened in 2007 called Metro Ligero ("light metro").[9] The Cercanías system works in conjunction with the metro, with a majority of its stations providing access to the underground network.

As of January 2024, the Madrid Metro has 1,710 escalators and 559 elevators.[10]

History

[edit]
The closed Chamberí station on line 1
Metro de Madrid Diesel motors used for generating electricity before the Spanish Civil War

1916–1918: conception and financing

[edit]

On 19 September 1916, a royal decree approved the 4-line plan for the creation of the metro of Madrid. The engineers who created the plan, Mendoza, González Echarte, and Otamendi then began the process of raising the 8 million pesetas to begin the first phase of the project, the construction of Line 1 from Sol to Cuatro Caminos. Carlos Mendoza made contact with Enrique Ocharán, the director of Banco de Vizcaya, who offered 4 million pesetas on the condition that the public pledged an additional 4 million.

Mengemor published a brochure to persuade people to make donations. The men were able to raise 2.5 million pesetas of the 4 million they needed. King Alfonso XIII intervened and invested 1.45 million pesetas of his own money.[11]

1919: construction and inauguration

[edit]

The first phase of construction was finished in 1919. It was constructed in a narrow section and the stations had 60 m (200 ft) platforms. The enlargement of this line and the construction of two others followed shortly after 1919.[12] The Madrid metro was inaugurated on 17 October 1919 by King Alfonso XIII.[13][14][15][16] At the time of inauguration, the metro had just one line, which ran for 3.48 kilometres (2.16 mi) between Puerta del Sol and Cuatro Caminos, with eight stops.[13]

The king, the royal family, and others, then took part in the first official metro ride which went from Cuatro Caminos to Río Rosas, and took 40 seconds. There they stopped for one minute, before traveling to the Chamberí station which took 45 seconds. The trip went all the way to the end point, Sol. The king and his family then rode the metro back to Cuatro Caminos from Sol, this time without stopping. The journey took 7 minutes and 46 seconds.[14]

After the journey, a lunch was served on the Cuatro Caminos platform, and the engineers were congratulated for creating a "miracle."[14]

Two days later, on 19 October 1919, the Madrid metro was opened to the public. On its first day, 390 trains ran, 56,220 passengers rode the metro, and the company earned 8,433 pesetas in ticket fares.[17]

During November and December 1919, the metro had an average of 43,537 passengers a day and earned an average of 6,530 pesetas a day in ticket sales. Due to their success, the company decided to expand more, and created 12,000 new shares to sell to the public to raise more funds to fund further expansion.[17]

1920–1921: expansion of Line 1 and construction of Line 2

[edit]

The Company then began to gather materials necessary to expand the Line 1 from Sol with the new stations Progreso, Antón Martín and finally Atocha. The latter was then and is now an important train station for mainline rail.

On 31 July 1920 the company submitted it proposal to extend Line 1 from Atocha to Puente de Vallecas. In 1921 the company declared its interest in beginning the line from Sol to Ventas, with the first phase of the project being built from Sol to Goya, along Calle Alcalá.

Work began on 27 March 1921 to expand the Line 1 from Atocha to Vallecas, and to begin construction on a line from Sol to Goya.[18]

On 26 December 1921 the Sol-Atocha section of the Line 1 was inaugurated, adding three new metro stops to the line: Progreso, Antón Martín, and Atocha. The king and queen, Don Alfonso XIII and Doña Victoria, attended the inauguration.[19]

1922 and onwards

[edit]

In 1924, traffic in Madrid switched from driving on the left to driving on the right, but the lines of the Madrid Metro kept operating on the left hand side.[20] In 1936, the network had three lines and a branch line between Ópera and the old Estación del Norte (now Príncipe Pío). All these stations served as air raid shelters during the Spanish Civil War. After the Civil war, the public works to extend the network went on little by little. In 1944, a fourth line was constructed, absorbing the branch of Line 2 between Goya and Diego de León in 1958, a branch that had been intended to be part of Line 4 since its construction but was operated as a branch of Line 2 until construction works had finished.

In the 1960s, a suburban railway was constructed between Plaza de España and Carabanchel, linked to lines 2 (at Noviciado station with a long transfer) and 3. A fifth metro line was constructed as well with narrow sections, but 90 m platforms. Shortly after opening the first section of Line 5, the platforms of Line 1 were enlarged from 60 to 90 m, permanently closing Chamberí station since it was too close to Iglesia (less than 500 m). Chamberí has been closed ever since and was recently[when?] reopened as a museum.[21]

In the early 1970s, the network was greatly expanded to cope with the influx of population and urban sprawl from Madrid's economic boom. New lines were planned with larger 115 m long platforms. Lines 4 and 5 were enlarged as well. In 1979, bad management led to a crisis. Works already started were finished during the 1980s and all remaining projects were abandoned. After all those projects, 100 km (62 mi) of rail track were completed by 1983[22] and the suburban railway had also disappeared since it had been extended to Alonso Martínez and subsequently converted to the new Line 10.

Typical Madrid metro entrance, designed by Antonio Palacios, at Tribunal station

Expansion from the 1990s

[edit]

Work on a major expansion of the metro began in 1995, with 172 km (107 mi) of new line and 132 new stations opened by 2011, built in 4 phases.[23] The average construction pace throughout that era (more than 10 km (6 mi) of new line per year) was among the fastest in the world at that time and was equalled or surpassed by only very few metros in the global north (one notable example being Seoul Metro) either then or since.

This included the extension of lines 1, 4 and 7 and the construction of a new Line 11 towards the outlying areas of Madrid. Lines 8 and 10 were joined into a longer Line 10 and a new Line 8 was constructed to expand the underground network towards the airport. The enlarged Line 9 was the first to leave the outskirts of Madrid to arrive in Rivas-Vaciamadrid and Arganda del Rey, two satellite towns located in the southeast of Madrid. Control of the network was transferred to a public enterprise, Metro de Madrid S.A.

In the early 2000s, a huge project installed approximately 50 km (31 mi) of new metro tunnels. This construction included a direct connection between downtown Madrid (Nuevos Ministerios) and the airport, a further extension of Line 8, and adding service to the outskirts with a 40 km loop called MetroSur serving Madrid's southern suburbs.

MetroSur, one of the largest ever civil engineering projects in Europe, opened on 11 April 2003. It includes 41 km (25 mi) of tunnel and 28 new stations, with a new interchange station on Line 10, connecting it to the city centre and stations linking to the local train network. Its construction began in June 2000 and the whole loop was completed in less than three years. It connects Getafe, Móstoles, Alcorcón, Fuenlabrada, and Leganés, five towns located in the area south of Madrid. As the metro line is part of a project to develop the area, some stations lay in sparsely populated places or were even surrounded by fields at the time of opening.

Most of the efforts of Madrid regional government in 2000s were channeled towards the enlargement of the Metro network. In the 2003–2007 term, President Esperanza Aguirre funded a multibillion-euro project, which added new lines, and joined or extended almost all of the existing metro lines. The project included the addition of 90 km (56 mi) of railway and the construction of 80 new stations. It brought stations to many districts that had never previously had Metro service (Villaverde, Manoteras, Carabanchel Alto, La Elipa, Pinar de Chamartín) and to the eastern and northern outskirts as well (Coslada, San Fernando de Henares, Alcobendas, San Sebastián de los Reyes). For the first time in Madrid, three interurban light rails (Metro Ligero or ML) lines were built to the western outskirts (Pozuelo de Alarcón, Boadilla del Monte) – mL2 and mL3 – and to the new northern districts of Sanchinarro and Las Tablas – mL1. As a last minute addition, a project on line 8 connected it to the new T4 terminal of Madrid-Barajas Airport.

The Great Recession and subsequent European debt crisis, which affected Spain particularly hard, brought metro expansion to a halt as austerity measures all but dried up available funding.

Station design and setup

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Lago station in the old Line S (now Line 10) is one of the few surface stations in the Metro network.
Alonso Martínez station in Line 4: old stations are often compact, and usually not too deep underground
Getafe Central in Line 12, with a Cercanías transfer: new stations are built deliberately ample, with several cross-visible levels and elevators for disabled people.
Estrella station in Line 9, in the old style.

The age of many Madrid Metro stations is evident by their design: Older stations on the narrow lines are often quite compact, similar to stations of the Paris Metro. They were decorated with tilings in different colour schemes depending on the station similar to the scheme architect Alfred Grenander implemented at Berlin U-Bahn around the same time. In recent years, most of these stations have been refurbished with single-coloured plates matching those in the newest ones, alongside other improvements such as modernized signalling technology and elevators. The stations built between the late 70s and the early 90s are slightly more spacious, with most of them having cream-coloured walls.

On the other hand, the most recent stations are built with space in mind, and have natural-like lighting and ample entryways.[24] The colour scheme varies between stations, using single-colored plates and covering the whole station in light colors. Recently built transfer stations have white walls, but this is not the norm.

Most stations are built with two side platforms, but a handful of them (the busiest transfers) have a central island platform in addition to the side platforms theoretically dedicated to exits. This system was originally used on the Barcelona Metro and is called the Spanish solution. The 12 stations with this setup are:

Two stations have cross-platform interchange arrangement with two island platforms, which allows extremely fast transfers between lines. Both of these stations are on Line , with cross-platform interchanges at Príncipe Pío (with ) and Casa de Campo (with ). On both occasions, Line 10 uses the outside tracks, so passengers unboarding there leave through the "right" side of the train instead of the usual left side.

In addition, 10 stations are built with just one island platform instead of the usual side platforms. These stations are:

Another system is where there is one island platform with one side platform. This system is used in two stations on lines 2 and 4 as termini, and three stations on Lines 7, 9, and 10 where it is required for passengers to change to smaller trains to continue their journeys, normally to towns outside Madrid like Alcobendas or Coslada. This is done so the island platform can be used for passengers to change easily between trains. In the latter three stations, the island platform is equipped with fare gates for tickets to be validated for travel between fare zones. These stations are:

Overhead power supply system

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Map of electrification voltages used in the metro and Metro Ligero: brown indicates 600V, green indicates 1,500V, pink indicates 750V

Since 1999 Metro de Madrid has used a patented system for its installations: a solid rail hung from the ceiling of the tunnels, instead of the usual copper or aluminium wire hung from overhead gantries at regular intervals. This type of overhead line is rigid, making it more robust and less prone to failures. Installations outside tunnels are rare, as they require many more support structures compared to traditional wire based overhead lines, making them more expensive to install. This system of rigid overhead power supply is also used in other metro systems. Similar installations exist in some mainline rail tunnels where space is limited, e.g. Leipzig City Tunnel or the lower level of Berlin Hauptbahnhof,

Lines

[edit]
To-scale Madrid Metro map
See also: List of Madrid metro stations

The Metro conventional network has 242 stations on 12 lines plus one branch line, totalling 294 kilometres (183 mi),[25] of which approximately 96% of stations are underground.[n. 2] The only surface parts are between Empalme and west of Eugenia de Montijo (); between Lago and north of Casa de Campo (); and between south of Puerta de Arganda and Arganda del Rey (), for a total of 8 aboveground stations. Additionally, some 30 km (19 mi) of Metro Ligero (light rail) lines across serve the various regions of the metropolitan area which have been deemed not populated enough to justify the extraordinary spending of new Metro lines. Combined, they have 38 stops, of which 4 also connect to the conventional Metro system. Most of the ML track length is on surface, usually running on platforms separated from normal road traffic. However, ML1 line has some underground stretches and stations.

Traditionally, the Madrid metro was restricted to the city proper, but today nearly one third of its track length runs outside the border of the Madrid municipality. Today, the Metro network is divided in six regions:[26]

At most of the borders between the regions, one has to switch trains even when staying in the same line, because the train frequency is higher in the core MetroMadrid than in the outer regions.

Madrid also has an extensive commuter train (Cercanías) network operated by Renfe, the national rail line, which is intermodal with the metro network. In fact, 22 Cercanías stations have connections to the Metro network, which is indicated on the official map by the Cercanías logo. Many of the new lines since 1999 have been built to link to or end at Cercanías stations, like the ML2 line, which ends at the Aravaca station providing a fast entry into Madrid though the C-7 or C-10 commuter lines and arriving in only one step to the bus and Metro hub Príncipe Pío ( ).

Line Termini[26] Length Number of stations[26] Average distance between stations Loading gauge Platform length Rolling stock Train configuration
Pinar de Chamartín – Valdecarros 23.876 km (14.8 mi) 33 746 m (816 yd) narrow 90 m CAF s. 2000-A M.R-M.R-R.M
Las Rosas – Cuatro Caminos 14.031 km (8.7 mi) 20 738 m (807 yd) 60 m
90 m (La Elipa – Las Rosas) 		CAF s. 3000 MRSM
Villaverde Alto – Moncloa 16.424 km (10.2 mi) 18 966 m (1,056 yd) 90 m CAF s. 3000 MRSSRM
Argüelles – Pinar de Chamartín 16.0 km (9.9 mi) 23 727 m (795 yd) 60 m CAF s. 3000 MRSM
Alameda de Osuna – Casa de Campo 23.217 km (14.4 mi) 32 749 m (819 yd) 90 m CAF s. 2000-A & 2000-B
CAF s. 3000 		M.R-M.R-R.M
MRSSRM
Circular 23.472 km (14.6 mi) 28 838 m (916 yd) wide 115 m CAF s. 5000
CAF s. 8400 2nd 		M.M-M.M-M.M
MRSSRM
Hospital del Henares – Estadio Metropolitano – Pitis 32.919 km (20.5 mi) 31 1,097 m (1,200 yd) 115 m
90 m (Barrio del Puerto – Hospital del Henares) 		AnsaldoBreda s. 9000 MRSSRM (Pitis – Estadio Metropolitano)
MRM (Estadio Metropolitano – Hospital del Henares)
Nuevos Ministerios – Aeropuerto T4 16.467 km (10.2 mi) 8 2,352 m (2,572 yd) 115 m CAF s. 8000 1st & 2nd MRSM
Paco de Lucía – Puerta de Arganda – Arganda del Rey 39.5 km (24.5 mi) 29 1,411 m (1,543 yd) CAF s. 5000 & 8400 1st
AnsaldoBreda s. 7000 & 9000
CAF s. 6000 (TFM) 		M.M-M.M-M.M
MRSSRM
MM or MRM (TFM)
Hospital Infanta Sofía – Tres Olivos – Puerta del Sur 36.514 km (22.7 mi) 31 1,217 m (1,331 yd) 115 m
90 m (Montecarmelo – Hospital Infanta Sofía) 		AnsaldoBreda s. 7000 & 9000
CAF s. 8000 1st 		MRSSRM (Puerta del Sur – Tres Olivos)
MRM or MRSM (Tres Olivos – Hospital Infanta Sofía)
Plaza Elíptica – La Fortuna 8.5 km (5.3 mi) 7 1,417 m (1,550 yd) 115 m CAF s. 8000 2nd MRM
MetroSur 40.96 km (25.5 mi) 28 1,463 m (1,600 yd) CAF s. 8000 1st & 2nd
AnsaldoBreda s. 9000 		MRM
Ramal Ópera – Príncipe Pío 1.092 km (0.7 mi) 2 1,092 m (1,194 yd) narrow 60 m CAF s. 3000 MRSM
ML1 Pinar de Chamartín – Las Tablas 5.395 km (3.4 mi) 9 674 m (737 yd) tramway 32 m Alstom Citadis 302 MRRRM
ML2 Colonia Jardín – Estación de Aravaca 8.680 km (5.4 mi) 13 723 m (791 yd)
ML3 Colonia Jardín – Puerta de Boadilla 13.699 km (8.5 mi) 16 913 m (998 yd)
ML4 Parla Tram 8.3 km (5.2 mi) 15

Notes:

  • Line R is a shuttle service (R stands for "ramal" = "branch").[26]
  • Old stations are not accessible to people with disabilities but since 1995 all new stations must be accessible by law. Thus, both new stations and renewed old ones have elevators for people on wheelchairs, huge signs for the visually impaired, etc.
  • All narrow loading gauge lines except line 5 had originally 60m platforms. Line 1 was the first to have theirs extended to 90m, while line 3 had to wait until the 2000s: prior to its recent extension to the southern district of Villaverde, it was completely closed for nearly a year and thoroughly renewed, and was the first to receive the all-new Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles Series 3000 trains.
  • Configurations: M – engine (Motor), R – passive (Remolque), S – cabless engine (motor Sin cabina). Dots/dashes mean crossable/complete basic unit separation, while their absence implies a walkable aisle throughout the joined units.
  • Alstom Citadis 302 tramways have one motor "car", one suspended, one with bogie but without motors, one suspended, one motor.
  • The four ML (Ligero) lines are 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge. All other lines use 1,445 mm (4 ft 8+7⁄8 in) gauge, the only railway using a specific Italian gauge outside Italy.

Rolling stock

[edit]
Cuatro Caminos Depot of Madrid Metro.

Traditionally, the trains operating in the Madrid Metro have been built and supplied by the Spanish company Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF). This was particularly true under Francisco Franco's dictatorship, due to the politic of autarky his administration initially pursued. However, despite CAF still working for the Metro, in recent years the Italian AnsaldoBreda has also provided trains for the wide-profile lines.

Every rolling unit in the Madrid Metro has a unique ID that singles it out in the whole network. Those IDs are grouped by the rolling unit model (the "series") and thus is used to categorize the trains, as they bear no user-visible statement of the model specified by the manufacturer. An ID is made up of:

  • A letter indicating the type of rolling unit: M for a car with both engines and driver's cabin (Spanish Motor), R for an engineless car, with or without drivers cabin (Spanish Remolque) and S for a cabinless car with engines (Spanish motor Sin cabina).
  • A dash separating the two components
  • A three or four digit number indicating the unit's series and the position within it. Usually, the series is indicated by the thousands and hundreds (i.e. 5281 indicates a series 5000, subseries 200 train).

Trainsets currently in use

[edit]

Narrow profile

[edit]
A series 2000-B "bubble" metro train on line at Casa de Campo station.

CAF series 2000: This series has two separate sub-series usually called A and B. The first batch, while reliable and practical, was extremely "box-like" in its looks. They are nicknamed 'Pandas', after a car by Seat with the same name and similar boxy design. In contrast, the B sub-series train sets can be told apart by its sleeker, rounder forms, which has granted them the nickname of "bubble" (burbuja) for their round driver cabin window. Series 2000A are currently the more numerous in the network: 530 cars[n. 3] were built and delivered between 1985 and 1993,[27] having serviced every narrow profile line. They are also among the oldest stock in operation in the Madrid Metro. The most reliable ones are being refurbished and painted with new, lighter colors like the ones used in Series 3000. Series 2000B were delivered in lesser numbers (about 126 cars) between 1997 and 1998,[28] with the inclusion of air conditioning and station announcements through pre-recorded voice messages and LED displays. They are currently used in line 5, with no plans for retirement.

A series 3000 train arriving at Avenida de Guadalajara station on line .

CAF series 3000: The newest of the narrow line trainsets, series 3000 were commissioned for the reopening of line 3 after its complete renewal in the early 2000s. Their constituent subunits can be completely joined through crossable articulations, making it possible to go from the head to the tail without actually exiting the train. This has earned them the nickname of "boa", a term usually applied in Spain to double-length buses with such joints. They are currently servicing lines 2, R, 3, 4 and 5. Series 3000 trains look rather like a narrowed version of series 8000, while the interior uses mainly yellow and light blue tones.

Wide profile

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A series 5000 train at Plaza Elíptica station on Line 6, the circular line.

CAF series 5000: Currently servicing line 9 and occasionally line 6, this model has had a long history: the first trainsets were delivered in 1974[29] for the newly opened, first wide-profile line 7, while the latest subseries, 5500, of which 24 trainsets of 6 cars each were built, entered service in 1993.[30] They were the last to use the old, square "box-like" design from CAF, which was already becoming unpopular for its exaggerate priming of effectiveness versus aesthetics. The first iteration featured a wood lookalike coating for the inner walls and a novel seat distribution in two-seat rows perpendicular to the train walls, making them look not unlike older regional trains. Subseries 5100–5200 returned to the traditional seating along the train walls, but still included another feature from the first iteration, automatic opening of all the gates in the train. The final subseries, 5500, has a distinct, darker color scheme and returns to the usual on-demand opening of train gates with a button on each one. Being the oldest rolling stock in operation in the wide profile lines, many cars were retired or sold to the Buenos Aires Underground for operation on Line B to make up for shortfalls on the line following extensions.

A series 6000 train in La Poveda station on line

CAF series 6000: This model, of which 29 trainsets were built and delivered in 1998,[31] was the first by CAF to feature a new, sleeker and rounder design. As it was to serve TFM, the stretch of line 9 connecting Madrid to Arganda del Rey (the first extension of the Metro network outside Madrid proper), its interior resembles the regional Cercanías trains more closely than any other Metro trains: compact seats in couples set perpendicularly to the train walls, more places to grasp in case of a sudden brake/acceleration, etc. They were also the first to include luminous panels stating their destination, as the line they service was effectively split in two stretches, and travellers had to switch trains at Puerta de Arganda. Finally, they primed the "boa train" layout, but the walkable aisle only spanned two cars, while a trainset would usually carry 4 or 6. These trains are equipped with automatic train protection (ATP) and automatic train operation (ATO).[32] Series 6000 is currently doing service on line 9b (TFM). In 2013, 73 of the 108 cars ordered were sold to Buenos Aires for operation on Line B of the metro system; the sale totalled €32.6 million for the retirement of Japanese-built units, with a further 13 cars ordered at a later date.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] These trains have been widely criticised in Argentina, and been called the worst purchase in the history of the Buenos Aires Underground.[40]

A series 7000 train im Batán station on line

Ansaldobreda series 7000 & 9000: The first purchase to a manufacturer other than CAF, and to a non-Spanish dealer, 37 series 7000 trainsets service the extremely busy line 10. They were the first in the network to feature a full "boa" layout, allowing commuters to traverse the whole six cars. They are extremely functional, with ample 1.3m doors and a sleek, unobtrusive design for a total capacity of 1,260 people per trainset (180 seated). This model also features two TV screens in each car, but they are left unused, both regularly or in emergencies. Series 9000 trains are similar to their previous incarnation, but include better accessibility for disabled people and more safety measures, such as visual and auditive warnings for the train gates and more effective emergency brakes, they also brought small aesthetic changes like the removal of the wood effect from the ceiling and the change of the red top stripe of the doors to a blue color. Series 7000 currently service the main part of line 10 from Puerta del Sur to Tres Olivos and occasionally on line 9; while series 9000 comprise the main fleet of line 7 and 12, occasionally on line 10, and on line 9 to cover for the sold 6000s.

A series 8000 train waiting on line at Pinar del Rey station

CAF series 8000: Originally designed for the MetroSur line 12, 45 trainsets were built and delivered by CAF in 2002.[41] Each one is composed of three cars or four cars joined in the "boa" layout, with the three car version servicing line 12 and the four car version servicing line 8 as-is, while line 9 & line 10 services use two such trainsets to form a MRM-MRM configuration for a maximum of 1,070 passengers (144 seated). The interior distribution is rather like that of series 7000, with a bigger clear area (i.e. without seating) in the first car for people carrying luggage to/from the airport and disabled people in wheelchairs. Like the narrower series 3000 trainsets, its bogies are insonorized and feature a hybrid rubber-pneumatic suspension system. Series 8000 primed the introduction of regenerative braking in the Madrid Metro. The system reverses the normal circuit of the electric motors when braking, thus making the deceleration return power to the network. Also, they feature the now-standard informative panels and gate activity warnings in the interior. A second batch was ordered for line 11 to replace the series 3000 operating on the line since the extension of the line to La Fortuna in 2010. The original batch currently services lines 12 and 8, while also providing rush hour support to lines 9 and 10 while the second batch currently services line 11.

A series 8400 train on line

CAF series 8400: Derived from the recent series 8000 trains, the 8400 series are the newest train type to enter service on the Madrid Metro on line 6 since 2010 to complement the older series 5000 serving on that line. It currently services line 6.

Light rail (named Metro Ligero)

[edit]
An Alstom Citadis tram on Metro Ligero line at Aravaca station

Alstom Citadis 302: The vehicles serving the light rail lines are low-floor articulated trams in a five-section "boa" configuration, which allows for a maximum of about 200 passengers per tram (60 seated). They can reach a top speed of 100 km/h (65 mph), but in practice they are limited to 70 km/h (45 mph) in most track stretches, and even less in urban sprawls. The tram features a bell-like proximity warning that is activated when the train approaches a station or a level crossing with pedestrians, which has given rise to complaints from people living near the tracks because of the noise generated. Safety features also include door activity warnings for passengers and emergency brakes comparatively more effective than in any other train dedicated to Metro service, as the trams, though remaining in their own lanes separated from other traffic, can cross roads and populated areas.

Currently, Metro Ligero has four lines, although one of them is located outside the city of Madrid in its entirety:

  • Metro Ligero 1/Line ML-1: Pinar de Chamartín – Las Tablas: 5,4 km and 9 stations, 5 of which are underground.
  • Metro Ligero 2/Line ML-2: Colonia Jardín – Estación de Aravaca: 8,7 km and 13 stations, 3 of which are underground.
  • Metro Ligero 3/Line ML-3: Colonia Jardín – Puerta de Boadilla: 13,7 km and 16 stations, 1 of them is underground – and is shared with ML-2.
  • Metro Ligero 4/Line ML4: Tranvía de Parla: 8,3 km and 15 stations.

Historic rolling stock

[edit]
Historic rolling stock of the Madrid Metro.

Until the early 1990s and the transfer of the Metro system to the Autonomous Community of Madrid, the rate of investment in the network by the central government was extremely low,[n. 4] and thus very old trains were used way beyond their intended lifespans. Particularly loathed was the case of line 5, which was serviced by the nearly 40-year-old series 300 and 1000 from CAF. It was not uncommon that a child would ride to school on the same train his/her parents took decades earlier. Some renewals, along with the purchases of series 2000A and 5000, were started by the socialist regional government of Joaquín Leguina, but in 1995 the People's Party took over the government with the promise to widely extend and improve the Metro service. New lines were built and old ones refurbished: line 5 service was disturbed for several years as some stations at a time were closed and refitted, while line 3 was closed for two consecutive summers in order to expand its platforms to 90 m. Then, new rolling stock was also requested: 1998 saw the arrival of the first CAF series 2000B, retiring the infamous series 1000. Initially the better-preserved series 300 were refitted and painted in the new blue-white color scheme (from the old red corporate image), but they were also retired with the arrival of more series 2000B and, finally, series 3000.

Fares

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The Regional Transportation Consortium sells monthly and yearly passes worth unlimited trips within the zone covered on every transportation method ascribed to it
Ticket machines used on the Madrid Metro.

The Madrid Metro network is split into the six "functional" zones mentioned above. Each one has a "single" ticket (Billete Sencillo), valid for one trip within the zone, and a 10-trip ticket for a comparatively lower price. When crossing zone boundaries, one has to buy a new ticket for the zone being entered. There is also a "combined" ticket, which provides for a single trip between any two points of the network except the Airport stations, which have an additional supplement of €3. All in all, it is possible to go from the airport to any other point of the network for up to €5.00.[42] All tickets are issued on the Tarjeta Transporte Público.

Also, the Consorcio Regional de Transportes (Regional Transportation Consortium) has a division of its own, with geographic zones named A through C2. This body sells monthly and annual passes for unlimited trips within their zone of validity, and also a range of Tourist Passes for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days. All of them are accepted at the Metro stations within their zones, and passengers using a CRT pass do not have to pay the airport supplement.

Name Valid for Expires after Price
Metro Sencillo MetroMadrid (including ML1), MetroNorte, MetroEste or MetroSur 1 trip €1.50 — max €2.00[n. 5]
TFM Sencillo TFM 1 trip €2.00
Sencillo Combinado Whole network 1 trip €3.00
Metrobús MetroMadrid, ML1 and EMT buses 10 trips €12.20
Metro 10 viajes MetroNorte, MetroEste or MetroSur €11.20
TFM 10 Viajes TFM 10 trips €14.20
10 Viajes Combinado Whole network 10 trips €18.30
Abono Transportes Joven A – C2 (<26 y.o.) One calendar month €20
Abono Transportes Normal A - C2 €51.30 - €93.20
Abono Transportes 3ª Edad A - C2 (>65 y.o.) €9.30[43]
Abono Transportes Annual Normal A – C2 One calendar year €523.60 – €950.40
Abono Transportes Annual 3ª Edad A – C2 (>65 y.o.) €93.00
Abono Turístico A 1 – 7 days €8.00 – €33.40
Abono Turístico T (all CRT zones) €16.00 – €66.00
TICKETS WITH ORIGIN-DESTINATION AIRPORT Single ticket + Supplement (*) €4.50 5.00 Combined Single ticket €6.00 + Supplement Airport Ticket €3.00 Supplement Airport Express bus ticket €5.00

Operators

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The metro is operated by its own company, under the Department of Public Works, City Planning, and Transportation of the autonomous community of Madrid. The passage between Puerta de Arganda (Line 9) and Arganda del Rey (Line 9) is operated by Transportes Ferroviarios de Madrid (TFM), while the second and third lines of Metro Ligero are operated by Metro Ligero Oeste (MLO). All of Madrid's rapid transit systems are members of the Consorcio Regional de Transportes, which sells monthly passes for unlimited use of the metro, bus and commuter train networks within the area covered by the pass.

Exhibitions

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Some underground stations are large enough to hold public events, such as the three-day fitness festival in May 2011, which attracted 2,600 visitors. Ópera station contains a 200-square-metre archaeological museum.[44]

Various metro stations show contemporary art. The exhibition 100 años de Metro (100 years of Metro) has received more than 27,000 visitors.[45] At Expometro within the Retiro station, multiple exhibitions of modern art have been on display, such as the exhibition by Pablo Sycet, Rafael Arellano, Tono Carbajo, Christian Domec and Julio Juste called The Dream of Madrid, 1986,[46] or "The Passengers" by Daniel Garbade (2000).[47] Both platforms of the station exhibit murals by Antonio Mingote. The Goya station shows works by Francisco Goya (1746–1828) on two murals on the platforms of line 2.[48]

Tribute

[edit]
A train arriving at Estrella station on Line 9.

On 17 October 2019, Google celebrated the 100th anniversary of Madrid Metro with a Google Doodle.[49]

Future

[edit]

Accessibility

[edit]

As part of its Accessibility Plan Metro Madrid confirmed that they are going to install lifts at several stations throughout the Metro network to allow easier access for people of reduced mobility.[50] Phase 1 of this plan (between 2016 and 2020) envisaged that 17 additional stations would be equipped with lifts,[51] although by 2020 only 11 of those stations were upgraded, plus one more that was not part of the original plan (Sevilla).[52] Phase 2 (2021–2028) is expected to bring step-free access to a further 24 stations,[53] in addition to the 6 that had not received their upgrades in time for Phase 1.[54]

In addition, in line with local policy, all newly-built stations must be fully step-free from the start. As a result, the relatively new lines , and are already fully step-free at all its stations. Line is likewise entirely wheelchair-accessible since the line's major upgrade in 2003–2006.[55]

As of 2018, there are more than 530 lifts on the network.[56]

Platform screen doors

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On 2 August 2024, Metro Madrid announced that they plan to have platform screen doors installed at all stations on line .[57] The works are scheduled to begin in 1 June 2025, coinciding with the major track renewal works that had already been planned for the line that year. This project is considered to be the first major step towards full automation on the line, with some reports even suggesting that the line will ultimately be operated with driverless trains.[58]

Line extensions and new stations

[edit]
A provisional network diagram of the Madrid Metro that includes the currently planned extensions of lines , and .

As of January 2024, there are four projects confirmed by the operator that will expand the Madrid Metro network, three of which are under construction.

Extension of line 11

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The largest project is the extension of line towards the Valdebebas neighbourhood in the northeast of the city.[59][60][61][62] The extension is expected to be completed by 2030[59] and will open in three stages:

  • Stage 1: the southern section (Plaza Elíptica–Conde de Casal) is already under construction; it will extend the line from its present terminus at Plaza Elíptica by five additional stations: Comillas, Madrid Río (both brand-new stations with no interchange), Palos de la Frontera (interchange with line ), Atocha (intechange with Renfe services to destinations throughout Spain, Madrid's Cercanías services, and Metro line ), and Conde De Casal (interchange with line ).[59] This extension will coincide with the construction of a major bus station at Conde De Casal, giving the line an additional interchange with inter-city bus services. This section is expected to open in 2024.
  • Stage 2: the central section (Conde de Casal–Mar de Cristal) will extend the line towards Mar de Cristal station (interchange with lines and ), with intermediate stations at Vinateros (interchange with line ), La Elipa (interchange with line ), Pueblo Nuevo (interchange with lines and ) and Arturo Soria (interchange with line ). Metro Madrid also includes the possibility of constructing more intermediate stations along this section, although makes no mention of where exactly those would be located.[59]
  • Stage 3: the northern section (Mar de Cristal–Valdebebas Norte) will take the line to its final northern terminus in the new neighbourhood of Valdebebas, with three new stations: Cuidad de la Justicia (adjacent to the existing Valdebebas station on the Cercanías network, with which it will form an interchange), Airport Terminal 4 (interchange with line , the Cercanías, and flights from Barajas Airport), and Valdebebas Norte (located west of Terminal 4 of the airport).[59]

The southern terminus of the line is also to be extended at some point during this project, by one stop at Cuatro Vientos where it will interchange with line .[59]

The project has earned line its nickname "The Diagonal", as it will run across the whole city from the southwest to the northeast. Metro Madrid claims that this extension will aid in the decentralisation of the city, given that the line will mostly run away from the city centre (except near Atocha). As such, it is expected to relieve the busy lines and (with the former currently handling most out-of-centre traffic, and the latter also running mostly southwest–northeast).[59]

The empty trackbed at Chamartín station, constructed during the station's renovation project, in preparation for line 's extension to the area before it was replaced by the current plan.

This project replaces an earlier proposal which would have instead extended the line along a semi-circular route towards Avenida de la Ilustración, via Atocha, Ascao, Arturo Soria and Chamartín.[63][64] This plan was eventually scrapped in 2020, but not before extra empty platforms were built at Chamartín to accommodate a future extension there. At the southern terminus, some proposals envisaged that the line would instead head south to San Nicasio in Leganés, to connect with line , before the current scheme to Cuatro Vientos was adopted.[65]

Line 3 to El Casar

[edit]

Line is due to be extended one stop beyond its southern terminus at Villaverde Alto towards El Casar in Getafe. At El Casar, it will form an interchange with line , giving the latter a second direct Metro connection to the centre of Madrid[66](beside the existing connection at Puerta del Sur with line ). The extension is in the process of being constructed, and is scheduled to become operational towards the end of 2024.[67]

Line 5 to Barajas Airport

[edit]

Another short extension project currently under construction is on line . This line will similarly be extended one stop at its north-eastern end, beyond Alameda de Osuna towards Airport Terminals 1-2-3 station, where it will connect with line and provide a second direct link into the city centre for Madrid Barajas Airport.[68][59] Its planned opening date is some time around 2028.

New station on line 9

[edit]

The TFM section of line will benefit from an additional station built on its existing route, between Puerta de Arganda and Rivas Urbanizaciones stations. It is projected to open in 2029 and will serve the new communities of Los Ahijones and Los Berrocales once those are built.[69]

Further proposals

[edit]

Many pending expansion projects were stalled by the economic fallout of the 2008 financial crisis. During the 2010s, improving the existing network was considered a higher priority than extending it, with major projects such as the aforementioned improved accessibility plan being put into place. Nonetheless, as both the number of trips in the Metro and the number of inhabitants of the Comunidad de Madrid have seen steady increases in recent years,[70] there has been a growing political consensus that further extensions are necessary, especially in regards to supporting the single central circular line in a system of mostly radial lines.

In the context of the Madrid Nuevo Norte project, several official proposals envisage the construction of a new short metro line from Chamartín station, with three new stations located in the new development. Metro Madrid announced that this line could be the first line of the network with fully driverless trains,[71] though a map on the official website for the project suggested that the line could operate as a branch line or extension of the current line .[72][73]

Network Map

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Map


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The number is 276 if stations are counted individually. If transfers are counted by just adding up the number of stops in each line (as most documents and reports do), the number is 328. The source states 302 because it uses this system and because 26 stations of the second and third lines of Metro Ligero that Metro Ligero Oeste S.A. operates are not included in their corporate reports, although they are part of the network.
  2. ^ There are 8 out of 231 stations that are not underground, which amounts to just 4% of the total, though the aboveground route length may be longer.
  3. ^ Trainset sizes vary between lines: 90m lines use six cars per train, while 60m lines use only four. Thus the actual number of trains varies between 88 and 132.
  4. ^ A similar case happens as of 2008 with the Cercanías commuter network, as the Spanish government is focused on the expansion of the nationwide AVE high speed network.
  5. ^ Applicable for MetroMadrid, €1.50 for up to 5 stations, €0.10 extra per station, up to €2.00.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Metro de Madrid Figures". Metro de Madrid. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  2. ^ "Informe Corporativo 2020 Metro de Madrid" (PDF). Metro de Madrid. 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  3. ^ [1] (in Spain)
  4. ^ "Metro de Madrid en cifras – Metro de Madrid". Metro de Madrid. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Public transport in Madrid in Spain: spain.info in english". Spain.info. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  6. ^ "La Comunidad inicia los trámites para abrir el Metro 24 horas los fines de semana" (in European Spanish). La Razón. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  7. ^ "Metro de Madrid abrirá hasta las 2.30 horas los fines de semana en 2020" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  8. ^ Belver, Marta (11 January 2021). "El reto inédito del Metro de Madrid debido al temporal: más de 100 horas de servicio ininterrumpido". El Mundo.
  9. ^ Von Mach, Stefan (March 2008). "Madrid Light Rail: Three lines to feed the metro". Metro Report International, of Railway Gazette International (UK).
  10. ^ "Metro de Madrid en cifras". Metro de Madrid. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  11. ^ Moya, Aurora (2010). Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia. Madrid, Spain. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-84-613-6154-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Moya, Aurora. "Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia".
  13. ^ a b Metro de Madrid. "History: 1919". metromadrid.es. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  14. ^ a b c Moya, Aurora (15 September 2010). Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia. Madrid, Spain. p. 48. ISBN 978-84-613-6154-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ Parsons, Deborah L. (5 January 2003). A Cultural History of Madrid: Modernism and the Urban Spectacle. Oxford International Publishers Ltd. p. 79. ISBN 1-85973-646-7.
  16. ^ Stewart, Jules (15 October 2012). Madrid: The History. I.B. Tauris. p. 142. ISBN 9780857732712.
  17. ^ a b Moya, Aurora (2010). Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia. Madrid, Spain. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-84-613-6154-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Moya, Aurora (15 September 2010). Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia. Madrid, Spain. p. 53. ISBN 978-84-613-6154-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Moya, Aurora (15 September 2010). Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia. Madrid, Spain. p. 54. ISBN 978-84-613-6154-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ "Historia de las policías municipales". molinadesegura. 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  21. ^ "Andén Cero". Metro de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  22. ^ MARÍA JESÚS HERNÁNDEZ (2009). "90 años en Metro". El Mundo (Spain) (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2023. se alcanzaron los 100 kilómetros al abrirse el tramo Plaza Castilla-Herrera Oria (1983)
  23. ^ "Madrid Metro". www.metromadrid.es. Retrieved 5 August 2023. Metro de Madrid has in recent years implemented the most ambitious Expansion Programme in its entire history and the largest known worldwide, in four successive plans (1995–1999, 1999–2003, 2003–2007 and 2007–2011), taking on the rail integration tasks for the planning, design, construction, implementation and operation of a total of 172 new kilometres of network, 132 stations and 7 depots, and the design and commissioning of 795 new cars.
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  25. ^ Metro de Madrid (2017). "Metro de Madrid in figures". metromadrid.es. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "RED DE METRO Y METRO LIGERO" (PDF). metromadrid.es. Metro de Madrid. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  27. ^ CAF description for s.2000A Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (reversed, title says 2000B)
  28. ^ CAF description for s.2000B Archived 13 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine (reversed, title says 2000)
  29. ^ Andén 1 – Historia del Metro Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ CAF description for s.5000 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – sales information and photos correspond to subseries 5500
  31. ^ "CAF – Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles". CAF. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  32. ^ Madrid Metro, Rolling stock, Railway Technology
  33. ^ "SBASE compra a Metro Madrid 73 coches usados CAF 6000 para la línea B". EnElSubte. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  34. ^ "Metro de Madrid despacha los primeros CAF 6000". EnElSubte. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  35. ^ "Planearían renovación masiva de flota en la línea B". EnElSubte. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  36. ^ "Trenes Mitsubishi convivirán con los CAF 5000 y 6000 en la línea B". EnElSubte. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  37. ^ Danna, Roby (29 July 2013). "Subtes: Ciudad compra más de 70 vagones Serie 6000 a Madrid – Noticias de Buenos Aires al instante". parabuenosaires. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  38. ^ "La serie 6000 del metro de Madrid rumbo a Argentina". Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  39. ^ "Metro de Madrid ingresa 32,6 millones de euros con la tercera venta de trenes a Buenos Aires – Metro de Madrid". Metro de Madrid. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  40. ^ La peor compra de material rodante de la historia del Subte – EnElSubte, 6 March 2015.
  41. ^ "CAF – Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles". CAF. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  42. ^ "Tickets". www.metromadrid.es. Metro de Madrid. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  43. ^ "Entra en vigor la rebaja del abono transporte para mayores en Madrid". miracorredor.tv (in Spanish). 1 January 2020.
  44. ^ "Get to know them: Ópera". Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  45. ^ "Cerca de 27.000 personas visitan los trenes clásicos y la exposición '100 años de Metro'". europapress.es. 9 June 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  46. ^ "Muestras de vídeo y pintura en la Expometro de Retiro". El País (in Spanish). 25 April 1986. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  47. ^ "Un Suisse dans le métro madrilène". garbade.es (in French). Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  48. ^ Farfán, Lourdes María Morales. "Metro desconocido: el arte como museo subterráneo". unaventanadesdemadrid.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  49. ^ "100th Anniversary of Metro de Madrid". Google. 17 October 2019.
  50. ^ Plan de Accesibilidad – Metro de Madrid
  51. ^ Plan de accesibilidad e inclusión de la Comunidad de Madrid en Metro 2016–2020 (PDF). Metro de Madrid. June 2017. p. 16.
  52. ^ Medialdea, Sara (11 May 2019). "La estación de Metro de Sevilla termina su reforma". ABC. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  53. ^ "Plan de Accesibilidad e Inclusión 2021–2028" (PDF). Metro de Madrid: 28.
  54. ^ "La estación de Menéndez Pelayo: renovada y más accesible en su centenario". www.20minutos.es – Últimas Noticias. 20minutos. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  55. ^ Metro de Madrid. "Estaciones Accesibles". Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  56. ^ "La red de Metro contará con 530 ascensores a finales de 2019 gracias a las obras de la Comunidad de Madrid". metromadrid. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  57. ^ "The Community of Madrid invests more than €100 million in platform screen doors for the automation of Metro Line 6". Metro de Madrid. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  58. ^ Gutiérrez Machio, Luis Miguel (2 August 2024). "La L6 de Metro tendrá puertas en los andenes para bloquear el paso a la vía hasta la llegada del tren". 20minutos. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h "Line 11 of Metro de Madrid will become the great Diagonal Line of Madrid with over 33 kilometres". Metro de Madrid. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
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  63. ^ "Aguirre diseña una línea de Metro por el este con 28 paradas". 20minutos.es. 14 May 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
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  65. ^ Sebastián, Nieves (3 November 2017). "El Consorcio realizará un estudio para unir San Nicasio y La Fortuna". Cadena SER. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  66. ^ "Ignacio Aguado: "Ya hemos iniciado los trámites para que el Metro abra las 24 horas los fines de semana"". 20minutos.es – Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). 9 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  67. ^ "La prolongación de la línea 3 de Metro a El Casar beneficiará a un millón de usuarios de la zona sur". telemadrid.es (in Spanish). 3 February 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  68. ^ Tragacete, Mónica (30 January 2024). "Las obras para llevar la L5 de Metro a Barajas se adjudican este año para ser una realidad hacia 2028" (in Spanish). 20 minutos. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  69. ^ Calleja, I. S. (4 October 2022). "Ayuso anuncia una nueva estación de la Línea 9 de Metro en los desarrollos del sureste". El Confidencial. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  70. ^ "Madrid – Población 2018". datosmacro. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
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  72. ^ "Transporte público". distritocastellananorte.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  73. ^ "Madrid Nuevo Norte: las nuevas estaciones de metro". Vida de Madrid. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
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